Chapter 1 Flashcards
Loss of appetite can be a sign of what?
- mouth ulcers
- nasal congestion (impaired olfactory function)
- infectious diseases and pyrexia
- metabolic diseases
What symptoms does a voracious appetite with weight loss mean?
Pancreatic insufficiency or worms
What does pica mean?
Craving for un natural food stuffs which may be due to dietary in balance
What does coprophagia mean?
The eating of faeces
Polyuria means?
Increased urinary production
Polydipsia means?
Increased thirst
What can the symptoms of polyuria and polydipsia be due to?
Nephritis
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes insipidus
Pyometra
Dysuria means?
Difficult in passing urine
Anuria means?
Total inability to pass urine
Haematuria means?
Presence of blood in the urine
Changes in urine can emergency situations and can be caused by?
Cystic calculi
Feline urological syndrome
Prostatic enlargement
Constipation means?
Failure to evacuate faeces
Constipation can be caused by?
Ingestion of foreign material (poison) Tumours Environmental factors Enlargement of the prostate gland Dehydration Key Gaskell syndrome in cats
Diarrhoea means?
The frequent evacuation of watery faeces from the bowel
Diarrhoea can be caused by?
Canine parvovirus Bacterial infection (lepto) Distemper Feline panleucopenia Colitis Tumours of the intestines Intussusception Endoparasites Unsuitable diet Ingestion of placenta after bitch giving birth
Vomiting means?
Emission from the mouth of stomach contents
Vomiting can be caused by?
Ingestion of foreign material (poisons) Diabetes mellitus Nephritis Pancreatitis Pyometra Foreign bodies Endoparasites Viral infection (parvovirus)
Vomited should be examined for?
Volume
Blood
Mucus
Evidence of poisons
Vomited can be related to?
Feeding patterns
Projectile vomit?
Forceful vomiting without retching
Regurgitation?
Backflow of food from the oesophagus
Stercoraceous vomit?
Vomit contains faeces
Haematemesis vomit?
Vomit containing blood
Bilious vomit?
Vomit containing bile
Cyclic vomiting?
Recurring acts of vomiting
Retching?
Ineffectual attempts to vomit
Nasal discharge is often accompanied by?
Sneezing
Nasal discharge can be caused by?
Foreign bodies
Distemper
Feline calicivirus
Feline viral rhinotracheitis
Aural discharge is often accompanied by?
Head shaking and more common in long eared breeds
Aural discharge may be caused by?
Foreign bodies
Ear mites
Infection
To check the ears you use a?
Auroscope
Ocular discharge may be noticed by?
Pawing at the face and rubbing head
Ocular discharge can be caused by?
Distemper
Feline upper respiratory tract infection
Foreign body
Abnormal eyelid and eyelash structure
Coughing can be caused by?
Congestive heart failure Roundworm Kennel cough Bronchitis Distemper Inhalation of chemicals or irritants
Pale mucous membranes means?
Haemorrhage
Anaemia
Circulatory collapse
Blue tinged mucous membranes (cyanosis) means?
Respiratory obstruction
Yellow icterus mucous membranes?
Liver disease
Leptospirosis
Sign of restlessness are?
Panting Whining Pacing Scratching at bedding Barking Can’t settle
Restlessness can be caused by?
Pain or discomfort Excess heat or cold Need to toilet Hunger or thirst Lonely or bored Dressing too tight
Temperature of a dog is?
38.3-38.7
Temperature of a cat is?
38.0-38.5
Pulse of a dog?
60-180 beats per minute
Pulse of cat?
110-180 beats per minute
Respiration of a dog?
10-30 breaths per minute
Respiratory rate of a cat?
20-30 beats per minute
Pyrexia high body temperature can be caused by?
Infection Heat stroke Convulsions Pain Excitement
Low body temperature can be caused by?
Shock
Circulatory collapse
Impending parturition
Fluctuating temperature is known as?
Diphasic
A pulse rate can be taken anywhere where?
An artery runs close to the body
Easy pulse corresponds with which side of the heart?
Left
The pulse can be taken?
Femoral artery
Digital artery
Coccygeal artery
Lingual artery
Normal pulse rate is called?
Sinus arrhythmia
Abnormal pulse rate is called?
Dysrhythmia
Raised abnormal pulse causes?
Fever Exercise Hypoxia Pain Fear
Lowered abnormal pulse rate can be caused by?
Unconscious
Anaesthesia
Debilitating disease
Sleep
Weak pulse can be caused by?
Shock
Diminished cardiac output
Strong and jerky pulse can be caused by?
Valvular insufficiency
Congenital heart defect
Tachypnoea increased respiratory rate can be caused by?
Heat
Exercise
Pain
Poisons
Bradypnoea decreased respiratory rate caused by?
Poisons
Metabolic alkalosis
Sleep
Dyspnoea can be caused by?
Obstruction Bronchitis Pleural adhesions Pneumonia Pneumothorax Hydrothorax Pyothorax
Cheyne stokes respiration occurs when?
Shortly before death
Respiratory rate should be taken when?
When at rest but not sleeping or panting
All patients have a basic requirement of?
Nutrition Warmth Comfort Hygiene Mental stimulation
What food should be fed to a in patient?
Palatable and high energy during recovery
Various ways of encouraging patients to eat are?
Placing food on nose and paws
Spoon feeding
Syringe feeding
Tubing
What temperature of the hospital is recommended?
18-20c
How can additional warmth be added?
Blankets and towels Vetbeds Heat lamps Hot water bottle Heat pads Incubators
A recumbent patient should be turned every?
2-4 hours
Emetics are used too?
Empty the stomach contents
Reasons for bandaging?
Support
Protection
Pressure
Immobilisation
If the patient is trying to get the dressing off you should?
Discipline Collar Muzzle Foul tasting substance Sedation
Medication can be given?
Orally
Rectally
Parenterally
Topically
When choosing the route of medication you have to take into consideration?
Pharmacological properties
Rate of absorption
The patient
Convenience for administrator
Advantages of oral medications?
Least painful
Easily administered
Least risk of infection
Disadvantages of oral medication?
Possible aspiration Variable rate of absorption May cause irritation or vomiting Patients may not tolerate administration Difficult to ensure correct dosage
