Chapter 1 Flashcards
systematically study and analyze the various elements that constitute a society’s structure and the relationship among these elements”
Goal of Sociolgy
Neither the life of an individual nor the history of a society can be understood without understanding both.
Sociological Imagination
Certain behaviours are determined by our biology” instinctive & therefor can’t change
Biological Determinism
Inborn complex pattern of behavior that must normally exist in every member of the species”
Instinct
Genes influence environment & environment influences genes
Nature and nurture
Complete way of life shared by people, including both material and non-material elements.”
Culture
Based on Culture definition, what do materials mean?
Church or mosque
Based on Culture definition, what does Cognitive mean?
Knowledge & Beliefs
Based on Culture definition, what does Symbolic mean?
Verbal and non-verbal forms of communication”
Based on Culture definition, what does Normative mean?
Values; behavioural expectations)
4 main characteristics of Culture:
1- Learned
2- Shared
3- Integrated
4-Socialization
Learning process over time; generation-to-generation; patterns of traditions, beliefs & values .. definition of?
Socialization
Tendency to see the world in terms of our own culture” (
Ethnocentrism
The way humans get the things they need for survival – their food, clothing, and shelter – must be central to how they organize their societies and construct their cultures.”
Mode of Production
Transition from foraging & gathering to domesticated plants & animals
Neolithic Revolution
Involves the ways in which people in particular social groups can force people in other social groups to act in certain ways”
Control or Influence
4 Expressions of Power:
Power Over
Power To
Power With
Power Within
What period of century is this? Before written history - Before 3000 BCE Art (cave paintings...) Neolithic Revolution – farming & domesticated animals
Prehistoric
What period of century is this?
Invention of writing
Fall of the Roman Empire
3000 BCE – 400 CE•
*Western philosophy (Greeks)
Ancient
What period of century is this?
Emergence of the Christian church (Pope) & creation of Islam
400 CE – 1400 CE
Feudalism – “system of private ownership”
class of owners = nobility & producing class = peasants
Middle Ages
What period of century is this?
Humanism – focus on human knowledge
1400 - 1600
Creation of printing press
Renaissance
What period of century is this?
Science revolution
1600-1800 [1700 = Enlightenment]
Middle class
Early Modern
What period of century is this?
Capitalism
After 1800
Violence [20th century = most violent in history
Modern
What period of century is this?
capitalism; urbanization; technology; secularism; optimism
Modernism ~1850-1960
What are the main features of Modern Society?
- Capitalism
- Urbanization
- Technology
- Secularism
- Optimism
True or False, Economic System – increasing money (capital) & private ownership?
True
True or False, dominant Groups = take surplus (often using force)
True
as [in Europe at the beginning of the sixteenth century] that capitalism introduced the idea of using scarcity as a deliberative tool of economic organization. By intentionally creating ____
scarcity
Sum total of the worker’s physical and mental capacities that go into a particular work task
Labour power
Many buyers & sellers influencing price
Free enterprise
Multiple producers of the same product which exceeds the demand/buyers (leftover often sold at a loss).
Crisis of Overproduction
Shift from product to finances (paper economy)
Financialization
_______ is the measure of a person’s work experience and of an individual’s or family’s economic and social position in relation to others, based on income, education, and occupation.
socioeconomic Status
Weber – 3 Dimensions of Inequality:
1- Class Inequality (SES; “life chances”)
2- Status Inequality (social prestige)
3- power Inequality (ability to influence / politically)
Control that the ruling class has over a society’s belief system”
Hegemony
Dominant ideology of capitalism:
Liberalism
A body of assumptions, ideas, and values that combine into a coherent world-view
Ideology
2 key to change Capitalism
1- Few Owners
2- Globalization of Capital
Introduction of machinery
Focus on mass production
Complexity of labour division
Fordism
Lean production (reduced employees; precarious employment; management using stress/fear for productivity
Post-Fordism
Average Canadian = min. less with family in 2005 (1986)
1993-2009 > people died (work-related causes)
45 min
15,000
Separation of worker from labour by Marx
Job stress
Lack of control
are called?
Alienation
Mechanical solidarity (shared values & social bonds)
Organic solidarity (work together – like organs)
Importance of social connectedness (individual health; suicide) was founded by?
Émile Durkheim
Gemeinschaft (مجتمع/community) : community by social bond (family & friends)
Gesellschaftt (society) :community by association (large urban centers)
was founded by?
Tönnies
______ institutional and organizational apparatus through which social power is exercised and decisions impacting society generally are made
State
______ particular assemblage of people who are formally in control of the apparatus of the state for a limited period of time”
Government
______ is the participations & influence of the people
Democracy
Notes from the video Naomi KleinDemocracy – The State - ShocK
There are 5 steps of tactics resistance or exploit crisis:
1- Know whats coming 2- Get out of you home & defy the bans 3- Know your history 4- Always follow the money 5- Advance a bold counter-plan
Public domain _____
Water, air, language, culture, community….
The Commons
______ form of capitalism; notion that the State is responsible for its citizens & therefore is involved in “economic affairs”; increased social safety net.
Welfare State
Neoliberalism focuses on:
Profit Free market competition Deregulation Privatization Decline in democracy & civil rights
What type of poverty
Absolute poverty = not meeting basic needs
cannot sustain life – minimum resources for life (food, water…)
Relative poverty = social exclusion from everyday activities/life
difference between Wealth and Income
Wealth = our assets Income = wages/salaries
What are the top Canadian cities in child poverty?
1- Toronto
2- Montreal
3- Winnipeg
4- Hamilton
Poverty rates range from as low as 5% in ______ to Plains to as high as 75.6% in _____
Hammonds
Eskasoni
The Child poverty rate in ______ points to the extremely high poverty rates among indigenous children in Canada
Eskasoni
Order Theories means ?
Functionalism
What is … Changing overtime b/c globalization & overproduction & monopolization
Capitalism
NOT focused on civil rights (profit; benefit business)
Taxation NOT progressive (focus on the I not the WE
Neoliberalism
_____ group association based on “certain distinctive physical characteristics”
Race
True or False? modern-day distinctions between people are more cultural than physical in race
True
groups associated by cultural traits
Ethnicity
is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one’s own culture “Consider culture as ‘favorable’ “
Ethnocentrism
same as Ethnocentrism but with hatred
ethnic Chauvinism
hostility b/c Jewish origin
Anti-Semitism
hostility b/c Muslim & religion Islam
Islamophobia
hostility based on group membership
Prejudice
“denial of equal treatment or opportunities
Discrimination
Three types of Violence
- Direct Violence:
- Structural Violence
- Cultural Violence
Socially constructed categories of masculine and feminine
Gender
Phsiological categories of male and female”
Sex
Gender identity and gender expression matches your birth sex
CISgender
According to Yee Won, we should not say he or she, and if you don’t know what gender they are, use their ___
name
is a social system in which males hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property.
Patriarchy
lief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes, as well as the various social movements organized around this belief.”
Feminism
What feminism wave was this?
19th century
Mostly white women – focus on securing vote
Wave 1
What feminism wave was this?
Evolved from social movements (anti-war; civil rights; students)
Rejection of motherhood & traditional gender roles
Becoming a little more diverse…..
Gloria Steinem
Wave 2
What feminism wave was this?
Radical Feminism
Diversity & recognition of silenced/missing voices
Marx foundation (role of structure)
Wave 3
