Chapter 1

Question 1

What fuels the NS

Answer 1

Glucose

Question 2

Cells of the NS

Answer 2

Membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 3

Membrane

Answer 3

separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment

Question 4

Nucleus

Answer 4

contains the chromosomes

Question 5

Mitochondrion

Answer 5

performs metabolic activities and provides energy that the cells requires

Question 6

Ribosomes

Answer 6

sites at which the cell synthesizes new protein molecules

Question 7

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 7

network of thin tubes that transports newly synthesized proteins to their location

Question 8

A motor neuron

Answer 8

Has its soma in the spinal cord

Receives excitation from other neurons

Question 9

A sensory neuron

Answer 9

specialized at one end to be highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation (touch, light, sound, etc.)

Question 10

Components of all Neurons

Answer 10

Dendrites
Soma/cell body
Axon
Presynaptic terminals

Question 11

Dendrites

Answer 11

Branching fibers with a surface lined with synaptic receptors responsible for bringing information into the neuron

Question 12

Cell Body/Soma

Answer 12

Contains the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes

Responsible for the metabolic work of the neuron

Question 13

Axons

Answer 13

Thin fiber of a neuron responsible for transmitting nerve impulses toward other neurons, organs, or muscles
Presynaptic terminals at the end points of an axon release chemicals to communicate with other neurons

Question 14

Presynaptic terminals

Answer 14

at the end points of an axon release chemicals to communicate with other neurons

Question 15

Afferent axon

Answer 15

bringing information into a structure

Question 16

Efferent axon

Answer 16

carrying information away from a structure

Question 17

Types of Glia

Answer 17

Astrocytes
Microglia
Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS)
Radial glia

Question 18

Astrocytes

Answer 18

Astrocytes pass chemicals back and forth between neurons and blood and among neighboring neurons

Question 19

Microglia

Answer 19

Remove waste material, viruses, and fungi from the brain

Question 20

Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS)

Answer 20

build the myelin sheath that surrounds and insulates certain vertebrate axons

Question 21

Radial glia

Answer 21

Guide the migration of neurons and the growth of their axons and dendrites during embryonic development
After embryonic development , most turn into neurons, some turn into astrocytes and oligopolistic

Question 22

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 22

produce myelin sheaths

Schwann cells have similar functions

Question 23

Myelin

Answer 23

an insulating material composed of fats and proteins

Question 24

Santiago Ramón y Cajal

Answer 24

first to demonstrate that the individual cells comprising the nervous system remained separate and did not merge into each other

Question 25

Variations Among Neurons

Answer 25

function is closely related to the shape of a neuron

Question 26

The Blood-Brain Barrier

Answer 26

Advantage- mechanism that surrounds the brain and blocks most chemicals from entering
Disadvantage- but can pose a difficulty in allowing chemicals such as chemotherapy for brain cancer to pass the barrier

Question 27

Active Transport

Answer 27

The protein-mediated process that expends energy to pump chemicals from the blood into the brain

Question 28

The Nerve Impulse

Answer 28

The electrical message that is transmitted down the axon of a neuron
Does not travel directly down the axon, but is regenerated at points along the axon so that it is not weakened

Question 29

When the membrane is at rest

Answer 29

Sodium channels are closed

Potassium channels are partially closed allowing the slow passage of potassium

Question 30

sodium-potassium pump

Answer 30

Continually pumps three sodium ions out of the cells while drawing two potassium ions into the cell
Helps to maintain the electrical

Question 31

Concentration of ions

Answer 31

Sodium ions are more concentrated outside the neuron, and potassium ions more concentrated inside

Question 32

Depolarization

Answer 32

causes the membrane potential to become less negative

Question 33

Hyperpolarization

Answer 33

causes the membrane potential to become more negative

Question 34

The Movement of Sodium and Potassium

Answer 34

After an action potential occurs, sodium channels are quickly closed
The neuron is returned to its resting state by the opening of potassium channels

Question 35

Local Neurons

Answer 35

Have short axons, exchange information with only close neighbors, and do not produce action potentials

Question 36

MYTH

Answer 36

Only 10 percent of neurons are active at any given moment

Question 37

TRUTH

Answer 37

You use all of your brain, even at times when you might not be using it very well

Question 38

Ionotropic effects

Answer 38

-occurs very quickly, relies on glutamate, neurotransmitter attaches to receptors and opens ion channels.

Question 39

metatropic effects

Answer 39

-neurotransmitters attach to a receptor and start a sequence of metabolic reactions.

Question 40

which is faster ionotropic or metatropic?

Answer 40

ionotropic.

Question 41

What is a neurotransmitter?

Answer 41

a chemical that travels accros the synapse to communicate.

Question 42

where are neurotransmitters they made?

Answer 42

Neurotransmitters are made in neurons.

Question 43

what are the building blocks of neurotransmitters?

Answer 43

protein found in diet

Question 44

what are neuropeptides?

Answer 44

also known as neuromodulators, is a type of neurotransmitter.

Question 45

what are hormones?

Answer 45

chemicals secreted by endocrine glands or cells that enter the blood stream and cause changes.

Question 46

In what way is a neuropeptide intermediate between neurotransmitters and hormones?

Answer 46

neuropeptides diffuse more widely than other neurotransmitters but less than a hormone