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Production Engineering > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrocarbon accumulations in geological traps can be classified as…

A

Reservoir

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2
Q

Role of this engineer is to maximize oil and gas production in a cost-effective manner

A

Production Engineer

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3
Q

Reservoir, Well, Flow-line, Separators, Pumps, and Transportation pipelines

A

Complete Oil/Gas Production System

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4
Q

Supplies wellbore with crude oil or gas

A

Reservoir

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5
Q

Provides a path for the production fluid to flow from bottom hole to surface and offers a means to control the fluid production rate

A

Well

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6
Q

Leads the produced fluid to separators

A

Flowline

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7
Q

Remove gas and water from the crude oil

A

Separators

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8
Q

Used to transport oil and gas through pipelines to sale points

A

Pumps and Compressors

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9
Q

An area that consists of one or more reservoirs all related to the same structural feature

A

Field

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10
Q

Contains one or more reservoirs in isolated structures

A

Pool

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11
Q

An oil is at a pressure above its bubble-point pressure. It can dissolve more gas at the given temperature.

A

Undersaturated Oil

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12
Q

An oil that is at its bubble point pressure. It can dissolve no more gas at the given temperature.

A

Saturated Oil

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13
Q

prevails in an undersaturated oil reservoir.

A

Single (liquid) Phase flow

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14
Q

Exists in a saturated oil reservoir

A

Two-phase (liquid oil and free gas)

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15
Q

GOR

A

Gas-Oil-Ratio

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16
Q

____ Wells producing GOR greater than 100,000 SCF/STB

A

Gas Wells

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17
Q

____ Wells that are producing GOR less than 100,000 SCF/STB but greater than 5,000 SCF/STB

A

Condensate Wells

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18
Q

___ Reservoirs can be classified on the basis of boundary type

  • Water- Drive Reservoir
  • Gas- Cap Reservoir
  • Dissolved- gas drive reservoir
A

Oil

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19
Q

In ___ reservoirs, the oil zone is connected by a continuous path to the surface groundwater system.

A

Water-Drive Reservoir

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20
Q

Surface Groundwater System

A

Aquifer

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21
Q

The most preferable type of reservoir compared to bottom-water drive because the reservoir pressure can remain at its initial value above bubble-point pressure so that single-phase liquid flow exists in the reservoir for maximum well-productivity.

A

Edge-Water Drive Reservoir

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22
Q

___ flow condition can prevail in an edge-water drive reservoir for a long time before water breakthrough into the well.

A

Steady-State Flow

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23
Q

____ Reservoir is less favorable because of water-coning problems that can affect oil production economics due to water treatment and disposal issues.

A

Botton-Water Drive Reservoir

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24
Q

___ Reservoir, the drive mechanism where the gas in the reservoir has come out of the solution and rises to the top of the reservoir to form a gas cap. The oil below the gas cap can be produced. If the __ is taken out of the reservoir early in the production process, the reservoir pressure will decrease rapidly.

A

Gas-Cap Drive Reservoir

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25
Q

A type of reservoir that has a fixed oil volume surrounded by no-flow boundaries (faults or pinch-outs). It is the drive mechanism where the reservoir gas is held in solution in the oil (and water). The reservoir gas is actually in a liquid form in a dissolved solution with the liquids at atmospheric conditions from the reservoir. Compared to the Water and gas drive reservoirs, expansion of solution (dissolved gas) in the oil provides a weak driving mechanism in a volumetric reservoir.

A

Dissolved-Gas Drive Reservoir/ Solution-gas Drive Reservoir/ Volumetric Reservoir

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26
Q

In Volumetric Reservoir, the regions where the oil pressure drops to below the bubble-point pressure, gas escapes from the oil and oil-gas two-phase flow exists. In order to improve oil recovery in the solution-gas reservoir…

A

Early pressure maintenance is usually preferred.

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27
Q

Most wells produce oil through ___, because it provides good sealing performance and allows the use of gas expansion to lift oil.

A

Tubing Strings

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28
Q

Steel Grades of tubing are designated H-40, J-55, C-75, L-80, N-80, C-90, P-105. The digits represent…

A

Tubing.

Digits represent the minimum yield strength in 1,000 psi.

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29
Q

___ is defined as the surface equipment set below the master valve.

A

Well-head

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30
Q

___ is threaded onto the surface casing

A

Lowermost casing head

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31
Q

mechanical assembly used for hanging a casing string. Has a bowl that supports the casing hanger.

A

Casing Head

32
Q

___ is threaded onto the top of the production casing or uses friction grips to hold the casing.

A

Casing Hanger

33
Q

As in the case of production tubing, the ___ is landed in tension so that the casing hanger actually supports the production casing down to the freeze point.

A

Production Casing

34
Q

Most flowing wells are produced through a string of tubing run inside the ___.

A

Production Casing String

35
Q

At the surface, the tubing is supported by the ____, is used for hanging tubing string on the production casing head. It supports the tubing string at the surface (this tubing is landed on the tubing head so that it is in tension all the way down to the packer).

A

Tubing Head

36
Q

Equipment at the top of the producing wellhead is called…used to control flow. It is installed above the tubing head. __ may have one flow outlet or two flow outlets.

A

Christmas Tree

37
Q

A(n) ___ is used to join the Christmas Tree and the Tubing Head.

A

Adaptor

38
Q

One flow outlet on a Christmas Tree.

A

Tee

39
Q

Two flow outlet on a Christmas Tree

A

Cross

40
Q

This is installed below a Tee or a Cross

A

Master Valve

41
Q

___ consists of a main valve, wing valves, and a needle valve. Used for closing the well when needed.

A

Christmas Tree.

42
Q

On top of a Christmas Tree, there is a ___ that indicates the ___ in the tubing.

A

Pressure gauge, Pressure in the tubing

43
Q

Piece of equipment used to control the flow rate

A

Surface Choke

44
Q

In most flowing wells, the oil production rate is altered by adjusting the…which causes back-pressure in the line.

A

Choke Size

45
Q

This causes back-pressure

A

Chokes

46
Q

____ increases the bottom hole flowing pressure.

A

Back-Pressure

47
Q

Increasing the bottom-hole flowing pressure decreases the pressure drop from the reservoir to the ___.

A

Wellbore (Pressure drawdown)

48
Q

When chokes are installed in the lower section of tubing strings… it ___ well head pressure and ___ oil production rate as a result of gas expansion in the tubing string.

A

Decreases well head pressure and enhances oil production rate

49
Q

What is the major disadvantage of installing a down-hole choke?

A

Too expensive

50
Q

What must be done before opening the well?

A

Check all the surface equipment such as safety valves, fittings, etc.

51
Q

T/F The burner of a line heater must be lit before the well is opened. This is necessary because the pressure drop across a choke cools the fluid and may cause gas hydrates or paraffin to deposit out.

A

True

52
Q

T/F The upsteam heating helps melt any solids that may be present in the producing fluid. The downstream heating prevents hydrates and paraffins from forming at the choke

A

True

53
Q

T/F It is not necessary for surface vessels to be open and clear before the well is allowed to flow

A

False

54
Q

T/F To open the well, be sure that all valves that are in the master valve and downstream valves are closed.

A

True

55
Q

T/F The procedure for “Shutting-in” a well is the same as the procedure for opening a well.

A

False, it is opposite.

56
Q

T/F In shutting-in the well, the master valve is closed last.

A

True

57
Q

T/F Valves are closed quickly.

A

True, Valves need to avoid wearing/ erosion. At least two valves must be closed.

58
Q

T/F There are two types of separators.

A

False, There are three types of separators; horizontal, vertical, spherical.

59
Q

___ are categorized into two categories. Single and double tube.

A

Horizontal Separator

60
Q

__ separators are usually the first choice because of their low costs.

A

Horizontal Separator

61
Q

__ separators are almost widely used for high-GOR well streams, foaming well streams, or liquid-from-liquid separation since they have much greater gas-liquid interface because of a large, long, baffled gas-separation section. They are easier to skid-mount and service and require less piping for field connections.

A

Horizontal Separator

62
Q

Individual separators can be stacked easily into stage separation assemblies to minimize space requirements. Gas flows ___, while liquid droplets fall towards the liquid surface.

A

Horizontal Separator

63
Q

__ separators are often used to treat low to intermediate GOR well streams and streams with relatively large slugs of liquid. They handle greater slugs of liquid without carryover to the gas outlet, and the action of the liquid-level control is not as critical. They occupy less floor space, which is important for facility sites like offshore platforms.

A

Vertical Separators

64
Q

___ separators offer an inexpensive and compact means of separation arrangement. These types of separators have very limited surge space and liquid-settling section. The placement and action of the liquid-level control in this type of separator is more critical.

A

Spherical Separators

65
Q

____ are used to provide mechanical energy required for the transportation.

A

Reciprocating piston pumps

66
Q

___ is used for duplex (two piston pumps)

A

Double-Action Stroke

67
Q

___ is used for umps with three pistons or greater (triplex pump).

A

Single-action stroke

68
Q

___ are used for providing gas pressure required to transport gas with pipelines and to lift oil in gas-lift operations.

A

Compressors

69
Q

Two Types of of Gas Compressors

A

Reciprocating and Rotary Compressors

70
Q

___ are most commonly used in the natural gas industry built for practically all pressure and volumetric capabilities. They have more moving parts and lower mechanical efficiencies. Each cylinder assembly of a ___ compressor consists of a pison, cylinder, cylinder head, suction and discharge valves, and other parts necessary to convert rotary motion to reciprocation motion.

A

Reciprocating Compressors

71
Q

____ compressors are divided into two classes: the centrifugal compressor and rotary blower.

A

Rotary Compressor

72
Q

____ compressor consists of a housing with flow passages, a rotating shaft on which the impeller is mounted, bearings, and seals to prevent gas from escaping along the shaft.

A

Centrifugal Compressor

73
Q

___ compressor have few moving parts because only the impeller and shaft rotate thus its efficiency is high and lubrication oil consumption and maintenance costs are low. Cooling water is normally unnecessary because of lower compression ratio and less friction loss.

A

Centrifugal Compressor

74
Q

Compression rates of centrifugal compressors are ___ because of the absence of positive displacement.

A

Lower

75
Q

T/F Centrifugal compressors compress gas using centrifugal force.

A

True, Work is done on the gas by an impeller. Gas is then discharged at a high velocity into a diffuser where the velocity is reduced and its kinetic energy is converted to static pressure.

Production Engineering (5 decks)

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