Chapter 1

Question 1

How many essential nutrients do we need to stay healthy?

Answer 1

40+ essential nutrients.

Question 2

Average amount of food-based choices we make daily?

Answer 2

200

Question 3

Food choices determine?

Answer 3

The nutrients we consume.

Question 4

Overall diet determines?

Answer 4

Your health status, and risk for chronic diseases.

Question 5

Nutrients that provide us with energy?

Answer 5

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins.

Question 6

Energy measured in?

Answer 6

Kilocalories (kcal)

Question 7

Most important to choose foods with?

Answer 7

Higher nutrient density (Calories consumed high in nutrients) *WHOLE FOOD VS PROCESSED

Question 8

Determinants of food choices?

Answer 8

Sensory features(smell, texture, taste, appearance), emotional attachments, cultural & societal norms, geographic availability, environment, health consciousness, psychological states, price, convenience, accessibility, social influences.

Question 9

Define Macronutrients?

Answer 9

Needed in larger amounts.

Question 10

Types of Macronutrients?

Answer 10

Water, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins

Question 11

Define Micronutrients?

Answer 11

Needed in smaller amounts.

Question 12

Types of Micronutrients

Answer 12

Vitamins, Minerals

Question 13

Which nutrient category is inorganic?

Answer 13

Minerals

Question 14

What are the 6 essential nutrient categories?

Answer 14

Water, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals.

Question 15

Which nutrient categories are organic?

Answer 15

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Vitamins.

Question 16

What does an Organic molecule mean?

Answer 16

Carbon-containing.

Question 17

Nutrient functions?

Answer 17

Energy, Body Structure Formation, Body Process Regulation.

Question 18

How much energy does each nutrient category give off?

Answer 18

Fats = 9 kcal/g
Carbohydrates = 4 kcal/g
Protein = 4 kcal/g
*Alcohol = 7 kcal/g (Not nutrient category)

Question 19

Which nutrient categories allow for body structure formation?

Answer 19

Fats, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Minerals, Water.

Question 20

Which nutrient categories allow for body process regulation?

Answer 20

All nutrients.

Question 21

What are phytochemical?

Answer 21

Chemicals only found in plants.

Question 22

What do phytochemical do for us?

Answer 22

Potentially have added benefits beyond the nutrients they contain, making the foods that contain them “Functional Foods”. (Health benefits and risk of disease lessens)

Question 23

Define Functional Foods?

Answer 23

Foods that may have added health benefits beyond basic nutrition.

Question 24

Define Neutraceuticals/ Designer Foods?

Answer 24

Foods fortified with nutrients or enhanced with phytochemicals. (Ex. Vitamin Water, Omega-3 eggs)

Question 25

Recommended diet?

Answer 25

Consumption of mainly whole foods over processed/ultra-processed foods.

Question 26

Diets higher in processed food tend to be?

Answer 26

Nutrient poor, higher in calories and sugar and sodium, lower in fiber and phytochemicals. Associated with chronic disease.

Question 27

Two types of malnutrition?

Answer 27

Overnutrition and Undernutrition

Question 28

Define Undernutrition?

Answer 28

When intake doesn't meet needs. (Inadequate water[dehydration] or calcium[osteoporosis])

Question 29

Define Overnutrition?

Answer 29

When intake exceeds body needs. (Excess calories[obesity] and trans fat[heart disease]) More relevant in Canada.(Leading cause of death)

Question 30

Diet-Gene Interactions?

Answer 30

Genes can increase or lower your tendency to develop conditions like obesity, diabetes, etc. Diet and lifestyle affect the nutrients you consume and the amount of exercise you get which can increase or lower risk of developing nutrition-related diseases.

Question 31

Define Nutritional Epigenetics?

Answer 31

How nutritional factors in prenatal and early life can affect how DNA is expressed.

Question 32

Key to Healthy Diet?

Answer 32

Eat a variety of foods, in moderation, and balance choices.

Question 33

Balancing energy in and out?

Answer 33

More calories consumed = more energy expenditure needed

Question 34

Scientific Method?

Answer 34

1) Hypothesis(Problem that can be tested) 2)Test Hypothesis 3) Results gathered + Analyzed 4)Conclusions made

Question 35

Problems with nutritional studies?

Answer 35

Still many unanswered questions, difficult to prove anything, info put out doesn't always consider individual needs, a lot of info put out by government.

Question 36

Two ways to study nutrition?

Answer 36

Epidemiological evidence and Experimental Evidence.

Question 37

Define Epidemiological Evidence?

Answer 37

Looks for trends that already exist within the population. (Population based)(Observe variables to find patterns and trends.) (Easier, but association does not equal causation)

Question 38

Define Experimental Evidence?

Answer 38

Uses controlled conditions to test hypothesis. (Harder to design + conduct, take more time and money)

Question 39

How do experimental evidence studies work?

Answer 39

2 Groups; Control group(no treatment,receive placebo) and Treatment Group(Undergo treatment). Differences between groups observed.

Question 40

What makes an experimental study more credible?

Answer 40

Blind(Subjects don't know which group they're in) or double-blind(Subjects and researchers don't know which group they are in)

Question 41

Methods for determining intake patterns in research?

Answer 41

Observation(Homes/schools visited and patterns recorded), Food Diary(Subject based), 24 hour Diet Recall(Subject based), Diet History(3 day 24 hr recall and list of foods consumed in month), Food Frequency Questionnaire(How often certain foods consumed). Population based studies-> household budget surveys, food purchase/waste estimates

Question 42

How to evaluate nutrition info?

Answer 42

Valuable, Evidence-based, trustworthy, one-sided [VETO]

Question 43

Non subject based studies of nutrition?

Answer 43

Biochemistry, molecular biology, computer modelling techniques

Question 44

What does peer-review process help with?

Answer 44

Data is analyzed properly, and accurate conclusions made