Chapter 1 Flashcards
social psychology
scientific study of how people think about, influence and relate to one another
social thinking
perceive ourselves, judgements, attitudes
social influence
culture, persuasion, groups
social relations
prejudice, aggression, helping
big ideas
we react differently because we think differently
social influences shape our behavior
locality, education levels, subscribed media, culture
internal forces
inner attitudes about specific situations
how does social psychology apply to every day life
how to know ourselves better, implications for human health, implications for judicial procedures, influencing behaviors
is social psychology imply common sense?
problem with it- invoked after we knew facts
hindsight bias
i knew it all along phenomenon
research methods
forming and testing a hypothesis
hypothesis
testable - allows us to test theories
theory
integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed event
correlation research
detecting natural associations - naturally occurring relationships among variables ex. location, fields
positive correlation
moving in the same direction
negative
one goes up, other goes down
correlation and causation
allows us to predict but not tell whether changing one variable will cause changes - do not equal each other
survey research
random sample, unrepresentative samples, order of questions
anchoring bias
wording of questions, framing
experimental research
cause-effect relationship
control
manipulating variables
independent variable
factor that researcher manipulates
dependent variable
variable being measured
debriefing
discloses any deception
informed consent
research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
confidentiality
private
spotlight effect
seeing ourselves center stage, thus overestimating the extent to which others’ attention is aimed at us
illusion of transparency
illusion that our concealed emotions lean out and can be easily read by others
self-concept
what we know and believe about ourselves “who am i?”
self- schema
beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information
what determines our self concept
roles we play, social identities, comparisons we make with others, how people judge us, surrounding culture
the roles we play
new roles begin as playacting then become reality
social comparisons
we compare ourselves with others and consider how they differ
individualism
concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather group identifications
example
becoming an adult means moving out of your parents house
collectivism
giving priority to the goals of one’s group
planning fallacy
tendency to underestimate how long it will take to compete a task
impact bias
overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events
self esteem
person’s overall evaluation or sense of self-wroth
self efficacy
how competent we feel on a task - lead sis to set challenging goals and to permit
what is the nature and motivating power of self-esteem?
our overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth
trade off of low VS high self esteem
dark side- narcissism
locus of control
extent to which people perceive outcomes a sinter ally controllable by their own efforts and actions or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces
self serving bias
tendency to perceive oneself favorably
areas in which we think
ethics, professional competence, virtues, intelligence, parental support, health, driving
unrealistic optimism
is on the rise, illusory optimism increases our vulnerability
defensive pessimism
adaptive value of anticipating and harnessing one’s anxiety to motivate effective action
false consensus effect
tendency to overestimate the community of one’s opinions
adaptive
protests people form depression
maladaptive
groups serving bias
self presentation
wanting to present a desired image both to an external audience and to an internal audience
impression management
tendency to act like social chameleons
priming
activating particular associations in memory
perceiving and interpreting information
Kulechov effect
