Chapter 1

Question 1

Autotrophic

Answer 1

Plants can make their own food with light from the sun

Question 2

Heterotrophic

Answer 2

Dependent on plants for their food

Question 3

Cultivated plants

Answer 3

Used/developed by humans to meet specific needs. May die out or readapt to environmental conditions if humans disappeared

(Corn, lettuce, cotton)

Question 4

The cell

Answer 4

Discovered and 1665 by Robert Hooke. The basic building block or unit for plants and animals.

Plant cells are different from animal cells in that they have rigid cell wall made of special materials

Question 5

Prokaryote

Answer 5

An organism of the kingdom Monera. Compromised of the bacteria and cyanobacteria. DNA not organized into chromosomes

Question 6

Eukaryote

Answer 6

Organisms of the protista, fungi, plantae and animalia kingdom.

Cells contain a distinct membrane –bound nucleus. DNA organized into chromosomes

Question 7

Cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 7

The living surface membrane of the cell composed of proteins and lipids. Controls the flow of materials entering and exiting the cell

Question 8

Plasmodesmata

Answer 8

Cytoplasmic strands that connects cells to one another that allow transport of materials

Question 9

Nucleus

Answer 9

The “brain” of the cell, directing cellular functions and containing the genetic code of the plant (DNA) in the chromosomes

Question 10

Cytoplasm

Answer 10

Jelly like substance inside the cytoplasmic membrane in which cellular processes take place.

Question 11

Organelles

Answer 11

Various ones in the cytoplasm. Like a mini organ in each cell. Each with a specific function

I.e. Chloroplasts

Question 12

Chloroplasts

Answer 12

Site of photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll

Question 13

Vacuole

Answer 13

Inner sac that can store materials such as water, minerals, and waste products

Question 14

Mitochondria

Answer 14

An organelle associated with cellular respiration in which glucose manufactured during photosynthesis is transformed into ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Question 15

Ribosome

Answer 15

An organelle that “decodes” mRNA from DNA. Also the site of photosynthesis

Question 16

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 16

An organelle composed of an interconnected network of internal membranes within eukaryotic cells. It’s the site of enzymatic activity.

Rough ER is associated with ribosomes (protein building); smooth ER lacks ribosomes (lipid building)

Question 17

The cell wall

Answer 17

A rigid material (microfibrils) that protects the inner workings of the cells

Question 18

Pectin

Answer 18

Individual cells are connected by a layer of pectin that glued the cells together. This layer is also called the middle Lamella

Question 19

Meristems

Answer 19

Tissues or masses of cells in the plans for all growth happens

There are two types of meristems

Question 20

Apical

Answer 20

Vertical lengthening of plant. “Herbaceous” stays green

Type 1 meristems

Question 21

Lateral

Answer 21

Only in woody plants. Add strength and grows horizontal. Not found in herbaceous plants
Type 2 meristem

Question 22

Gymnosperms

Answer 22

“Naked seed”

Most of these lack a protective enclosure. Seed usually matures on a coma scale. I.e. Conifers, Pines, cyads, ginko Bilboa)

About 1000 species

Question 23

Angiosperms

Answer 23

“Covered seed”.
Has flowers with fruits and seeds. Very dominant plants in the world. They are the most successful and advanced plants on earth so many species that the seed is divided into two groups

Over 260,000 species

Question 24

Monocot

Answer 24

A member of A subclass of angiosperms characterized by the presence of one cotyledon

Question 25

Dicot

Answer 25

Subclass of angiosperms characterized by the presence of two cotyledons

Question 26

Cotyledons

Answer 26

The seed leaf that stores food for the embryo to use during germination Cotyledons wither once first true leaves emerge and become photosynthetic

Question 27

Endosperm

Answer 27

Monocots have a second food structure that stays inside the seed. Food storage tissue

Question 28

Embryo

Answer 28

The miniature plant inside the seeds, containing apical meristems. Preformed "true leaves". Activated when the seedcoat is breached

Question 29

Mitosis

Answer 29

I sell divisional process in which the chromosomes become duplicated

Question 30

Germination

Answer 30

Beginning of growth process 1. The seed imbibes with water and exchanges gases 2. Hormones and enzymes are activated 3. The embryo begins growing and development via mitosis

Question 31

The radical

Answer 31

1st root that emerges during germination

Question 32

The plumule

Answer 32

The first shoot emerges from the seed, breaks through soil surface and begins forming leaves

Question 33

Epigeous germination

Answer 33

The cotyledons are pushed above the ground during germanation. (Dicots)

Question 34

Hypogeous germination

Answer 34

The cotyledons remain below the ground (monocots)

Question 35

Damping off disease

Answer 35

A collection of fungal and water mold diseases that attack germinating seedlings Best prevention is to control access moisture around seed and use clean tools and soil

Question 36

Seed dormancy

Answer 36

A protective mechanism that programs the seed not to germinate. Several types of dormancy Seedcoat dormancy, embryo dormancy, double dormancy

Question 37

Seedcoat dormancy

Answer 37

Coat may be impermeable to water and gases and/or may be resistant to embryo expansion Natural softening of seedcoats by wind, rain, soil or passing through digestive tract of an animal Artificial softening by dry scarification(sandpaper), heat treatment, acid scarification

Question 38

Embryo dormancy

Answer 38

Seed won't germinate until conditions are just right, this type of dormancy is overcome by a process called stratification

Question 39

Stratification

Answer 39

Happens only in the winter time. Must be a climate of 34 to 40° seeds are soaked in water then kept moist Seeds must be exposed to oxygen

Question 40

Scarification

Answer 40

To scratch or edge a seed coat to improve water uptake Needs to happen and seedcoat dormancy or double dormancy

Question 41

Double dormancy

Answer 41

When plants need scarification first and then stratification. Common in the temperate forest