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Horticulture science > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Autotrophic

A

Plants can make their own food with light from the sun

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2
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Dependent on plants for their food

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3
Q

Cultivated plants

A

Used/developed by humans to meet specific needs. May die out or readapt to environmental conditions if humans disappeared

(Corn, lettuce, cotton)

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4
Q

The cell

A

Discovered and 1665 by Robert Hooke. The basic building block or unit for plants and animals.

Plant cells are different from animal cells in that they have rigid cell wall made of special materials

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5
Q

Prokaryote

A

An organism of the kingdom Monera. Compromised of the bacteria and cyanobacteria. DNA not organized into chromosomes

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6
Q

Eukaryote

A

Organisms of the protista, fungi, plantae and animalia kingdom.

Cells contain a distinct membrane –bound nucleus. DNA organized into chromosomes

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7
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane

A

The living surface membrane of the cell composed of proteins and lipids. Controls the flow of materials entering and exiting the cell

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8
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Cytoplasmic strands that connects cells to one another that allow transport of materials

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

The “brain” of the cell, directing cellular functions and containing the genetic code of the plant (DNA) in the chromosomes

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10
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly like substance inside the cytoplasmic membrane in which cellular processes take place.

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11
Q

Organelles

A

Various ones in the cytoplasm. Like a mini organ in each cell. Each with a specific function

I.e. Chloroplasts

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12
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll

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13
Q

Vacuole

A

Inner sac that can store materials such as water, minerals, and waste products

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14
Q

Mitochondria

A

An organelle associated with cellular respiration in which glucose manufactured during photosynthesis is transformed into ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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15
Q

Ribosome

A

An organelle that “decodes” mRNA from DNA. Also the site of photosynthesis

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16
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

An organelle composed of an interconnected network of internal membranes within eukaryotic cells. It’s the site of enzymatic activity.

Rough ER is associated with ribosomes (protein building); smooth ER lacks ribosomes (lipid building)

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17
Q

The cell wall

A

A rigid material (microfibrils) that protects the inner workings of the cells

18
Q

Pectin

A

Individual cells are connected by a layer of pectin that glued the cells together. This layer is also called the middle Lamella

19
Q

Meristems

A

Tissues or masses of cells in the plans for all growth happens

There are two types of meristems

20
Q

Apical

A

Vertical lengthening of plant. “Herbaceous” stays green

Type 1 meristems

21
Q

Lateral

A

Only in woody plants. Add strength and grows horizontal. Not found in herbaceous plants
Type 2 meristem

22
Q

Gymnosperms

A

“Naked seed”

Most of these lack a protective enclosure. Seed usually matures on a coma scale. I.e. Conifers, Pines, cyads, ginko Bilboa)

About 1000 species

23
Q

Angiosperms

A

“Covered seed”.
Has flowers with fruits and seeds. Very dominant plants in the world. They are the most successful and advanced plants on earth so many species that the seed is divided into two groups

Over 260,000 species

24
Q

Monocot

A

A member of A subclass of angiosperms characterized by the presence of one cotyledon

25
Q

Dicot

A

Subclass of angiosperms characterized by the presence of two cotyledons

26
Q

Cotyledons

A

The seed leaf that stores food for the embryo to use during germination

Cotyledons wither once first true leaves emerge and become photosynthetic

27
Q

Endosperm

A

Monocots have a second food structure that stays inside the seed. Food storage tissue

28
Q

Embryo

A

The miniature plant inside the seeds, containing apical meristems. Preformed “true leaves”. Activated when the seedcoat is breached

29
Q

Mitosis

A

I sell divisional process in which the chromosomes become duplicated

30
Q

Germination

A

Beginning of growth process

  1. The seed imbibes with water and exchanges gases
  2. Hormones and enzymes are activated
  3. The embryo begins growing and development via mitosis
31
Q

The radical

A

1st root that emerges during germination

32
Q

The plumule

A

The first shoot emerges from the seed, breaks through soil surface and begins forming leaves

33
Q

Epigeous germination

A

The cotyledons are pushed above the ground during germanation.
(Dicots)

34
Q

Hypogeous germination

A

The cotyledons remain below the ground (monocots)

35
Q

Damping off disease

A

A collection of fungal and water mold diseases that attack germinating seedlings

Best prevention is to control access moisture around seed and use clean tools and soil

36
Q

Seed dormancy

A

A protective mechanism that programs the seed not to germinate. Several types of dormancy

Seedcoat dormancy, embryo dormancy, double dormancy

37
Q

Seedcoat dormancy

A

Coat may be impermeable to water and gases and/or may be resistant to embryo expansion

Natural softening of seedcoats by wind, rain, soil or passing through digestive tract of an animal

Artificial softening by dry scarification(sandpaper), heat treatment, acid scarification

38
Q

Embryo dormancy

A

Seed won’t germinate until conditions are just right, this type of dormancy is overcome by a process called stratification

39
Q

Stratification

A

Happens only in the winter time. Must be a climate of 34 to 40° seeds are soaked in water then kept moist
Seeds must be exposed to oxygen

40
Q

Scarification

A

To scratch or edge a seed coat to improve water uptake

Needs to happen and seedcoat dormancy or double dormancy

41
Q

Double dormancy

A

When plants need scarification first and then stratification. Common in the temperate forest

Horticulture science (3 decks)

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