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CSCS Prep > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Axial Skeleton (4)

A

skull (cranium)
vertebral column ( C1 thru coccyx
ribs
sternum

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2
Q

Apendicular Skeleton (4)

A
  1. shoulder ( or pectoral) girdle (L and R scapula and clavicle)
  2. bones of the arms wrists, and hands (L and R humerus, radius, ulna, carpels, metacarpals, and phalanges)
  3. pelvic girdle (L and R coxal or innominate bones)
  4. bone of the legs, ankles, and feet (L and R femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
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3
Q

Joints

A

Junctions of bones

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4
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

allow virtually no movement

e.g sutures of the skull

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5
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

allow limited movement

e.g. intervertebral disks

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6
Q

Synovial Joints

A

allow considerable movement
e.g. elbows and knees

most sport and exercise movements occur at these joints b/c of low friction and large range of motion.

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7
Q

Articulating bone ends are covered with smooth _____ _______? The entire joint is enclosed in a capsule filled with ______ ______?

A

Hyaline cartilage.

Synovial Fluid.

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8
Q

Virtually all joint movement consists of rotation about _____ or ______?

A

point; axes

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9
Q

Depending on the number of directions about which rotation occurs, how are joints categorized?

A

Uniaxial Joints
Biaxial Joints
Multiaxial Joints

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10
Q

Uniaxial Joints

A

operate as hinge, essentially rotating about only one axis e.g. elbow and knee

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11
Q

Biaxial Joints

A

allow movement about two perpendicular axes

e.g. ankle and wrist

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12
Q

Multiaxial Joints

A

allow movement about all three perpendicular axes that define space
e.g. shoulder and hip ball-and-socket joints

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13
Q

Vertebral Column and it’s components

A

made up of vertebral bones separated by flexible disks that allow movement to occur.

7 cervical vertebrae ( neck)
12 thoracic vertebrae (upper-middle back)
5 lumbar vertebrae (middle-low back)
5 sacral vertebrae (rear part of pelvis)
3-5 coccygeal vertebrae (vestigial internal tail extending downward from pelvis

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14
Q

Epimysium

A

connective, fibrous tissue sheath surrounding skeletal muscle. Contiguous with the tendons at the ends of the muscle.

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15
Q

Tendon

A

attached to bone perioteum

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16
Q

Bone Periosteum

A

specialized connective tissue covering all bones; muscle contractions pull on tendon and, in turn, the bone.

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17
Q

Proximal

A

closest to trunk

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18
Q

Distal

A

farther from trunk

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19
Q

Superior

A

closer to head

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20
Q

Inferior

A

closer to feet

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21
Q

Muscle fibers

A

aka muscle cells; long, cylindrical cells 50-100 micrometers in diameter. Have nuclei situated on outer portion of cell. Striated appearance.

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22
Q

Fasciculi

A

under epimysium; bundles of muscle fibers (up to 150 fibers). Bundles surrounded by perimysium.

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23
Q

Perimysium

A

connective tissue surround fasciculi.

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24
Q

Endomysium

A

surrounds each muscle fiber; encircled by sarcolemma

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25
Q

Sarcolemma

A

fibrous membrane surrounding endomysium

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26
Q

Motor Neuron

A

nerve cell

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27
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

junction between motor neuron and muscle fiber; aka motor end plate

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28
Q

Motor unit

A

motor neuron and the muscle fiber it innervates; all muscle fibers of a motor unit contract together when they are stimulated by the motor neuron.

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29
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber; contains contractile components consisting pf protein filaments, other proteins, stored glycogen and fat particles, enzymes, and specialized organelles (mitochondria, and sarcoplasmic reticulum).

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30
Q

Myofibrils

A

dominate sarcoplasm; contain the apparatus that contracts the muscle cells, which consists primarily of 2 types of myofilaments: myosin and actin.

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31
Q

Myofilaments (2)

A

myosin and actin

-contains up to 200 myosin molecules

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32
Q

Myosin

A

consists of a globular head, a hinge point, and a fibrous tail.
-adjacent myosin filaments anchor to each other at the M-bridge in the center of the sacromere (H-zone)

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33
Q

Cross-brdiges

A

when the globular head of the myosin protrude away from myosin and pairs with actin.

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34
Q

Actin

A

consist of two stands arranged in a double helix.

-aligned at both ends of the sacromere and are anchored at the Z-line.

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35
Q

Sarcromere

A

smallest contractile unit of the skeletal muscle.

-structured having myosin and actin organized longitudinally.

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36
Q

A-band

A

DARK portion of sacromere.

-corresponds with the alignment of the myosin filaments.

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37
Q

I-band

A

LIGHT portion of sacromere.

  • corresponds with the areas in two adjacent sacromeres that contain only action.
  • shorten during muscle contraction as z-lines are pulled toward center of sacromere
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38
Q

Z-line

A

middle of the I-band and appears as a thin, dark line running longitudinally through the I-band.
-shorten during muscle contraction

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39
Q

H-zone

A

center of the sacromere where only myosin are present

-shorten during muscle contraction bc actin slides over myosin toward center of sacromere.

40
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

parallel to and surrounding each myofibril; asystem of tubules, which terminates as vesicles in the vicinity of the Z-lines.
-these vesicles store Ca+ ions, which control muscle contraction

41
Q

T-tubules

A

transverse tubules; run perpendicular to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and terminate in the vicinity of the Z-line between two vesicles.
-discharge action potential

42
Q

Action Potential

A

discharged electrical nerve impulse from a motor nerve signals the release of Ca+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into myofibril, causing tension development in muscle.

43
Q

Sliding-filament Theory

A

states that actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling the Z-lines toward center of sarcomere and thus shortening the muscle fiber.

44
Q

Troponin

A

protein situated at regular intervals along the actin filament and has high affinity for Ca+ ions.
-when SR is stimulated to release Ca+, Ca+ binds w/ troponin.

45
Q

Tropomyosin

A

protein that shifts as a result of troponin binding w/ Ca+.

-runs along the length of the actin filament in the groove of the double helix.

46
Q

Power Stroke

A

energy for pulling action of the muscle (contraction)

-comes from hydrolysis (breakdown) of ATP to ADP

47
Q

ATP to ADP

A

catalyzed by the enzyme myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase).

48
Q

Acetylcholine

A

diffuses across NMJ as a result of AP arriving at nerve terminal, causing excitation of the sarcolemma.

49
Q

All-of-nothing principle

A

a stronger AP cannot produce a stronger contraction.

50
Q

Twitch

A

brief muscle contraction

51
Q

Tetanus

A

stimuli delivered at so high a frequency that the twitches begin to merge and eventually completely fuse.
-this is the maximal amount of force the motor unit can develop.

52
Q

Slow-twitch muscle fibers

A

develop force and relax slowly and have a long twitch time

53
Q

Fast-twitch muscle fibers

A

develops force and also relaxes rapidly and have short twitch time

54
Q

Type I

A

slow-twitch muscle fibers
-efficient, fatigue resistant, high capacity for aerobic energy supply, but have limited potential for rapid force development (low myosin ATPase activity and low anaerobic power)

55
Q

Type II

A

inefficient, fatigable, low aerobic power, rapid force development, high myosin ATPase activity, and high anaerobic power.

56
Q

Type IIa

A

greater capacity for aerobic metabolism and more capillaries surrounding them than Type IIx, thus showing a greater resistance to fatigue
-fast-twitch oxidative

57
Q

Type IIx

A

fast-twitch glycolytic

58
Q

Proprioceptors

A

specialized sensory receptors located within joints, muscles, and tendons that provide CNS w/ info needed to maintain muscle tone and perform complex coordinated movements.
-sensitive to pressure and tension

59
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

proprioceptors that consist of several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissues

  • when muscle is stretched, deformation of muscle spindles activates sensory neuron, sending impulse to spinal cord, which synapses w/ a motor neuron causing muscle contraction.
  • opposite of GTO
60
Q

Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)

A

proprioceptors located in tendons near the myotendinous junction and are attached end-to-end w/ extrafusal fibers.

  • when extremely heavy load is placed on muscle, discharge of GTO occurs. sensory neuron is GTO activate inhibitory interneuron in spinal cord, inhibiting motor neuron, thus reducing tension
  • opposite of muscle spindles
61
Q

L and R Atria

A

deliver blood into L and R ventricles

62
Q

L and R Ventricles

A

supply the main force for moving blood through the pulmonary and peripheral circulations, respectively.

63
Q

Tricuspid and Mitral valve (atrioventricular valve)

A

collectively called atrioventricular valve (AV)

prevent blood flow from ventricles back into the atria during ventricular contraction (systole).

64
Q

Aortic and Pulmonary valve (Semilunar valves)

A

collectively called semilunar valves

-prevent backflow of blood from aorta and pulmonary arteries into ventricles during ventricular relaxation (diastole).

65
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

small area of specialized muscle tissue located in the upper lateral wall of the R atrium.
-intrinsic pacemaker, where rhythmic electrical impulses are normally initiated

66
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A

impulse is delayed slightly before passing into the ventricles
-located in the posterior septal wall of the R atrium.

67
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) bundle

A

conducts impulse to the ventricles

68
Q

L and R bundle branch

A

further divide into the Purkinje fibers and conduct impulses to all parts of the ventricles.
-lead from AV bundle into ventricles

69
Q

Myocardium

A

heart muscle
-inherent rhythmically and conduction properties are influenced by the cardiovascular center of the medulla, which transmits signals to the heart through the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS.

70
Q

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic neurons supplied to:

A

Atria: both S and PS
Ventricles: alomst exclusively S

71
Q

Normal RHR

A

60-100 beats/min

72
Q

Bradycardia and Tachycardia

A

B: fewer than 60 beat/min
T: more than 100 beats/min

73
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

graph representation of the electrical activity of the heart via the surface of the body
-consist of: P-wave, QRS complex (Q, R, and S waves), and T-wave

74
Q

P-wave and QRS complex

A

recordings of electrical depolarization, that is the electrical stimulus that leads to mechanical contraction

75
Q

Deplarization

A

reversal of membrane activity electrical potential

-the normally negative potential inside the membrane becomes slightly positive and the outside becomes slight negative

76
Q

Repolarization

A

electrical potential generated as the ventricle recover the state of depolarization
-occurs in ventricular muscle shortly after depolarization

77
Q

T-wave

A

caused by electrical potential generated as the ventricle recover the state of depolarization

78
Q

Arterial system

A

carries blood away from heart

79
Q

Venous system

A

returns blood toward heart

80
Q

Arteries

A

rapidly transport blood pumped from heart

81
Q

Arterioles

A

small branches of arteries that act as control vessels though which blood enters the capillaries

82
Q

Capillaries

A

facilitate exchange of oxygen, fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and other substances between blood and interstitial fluid in the various tissues of the body.

83
Q

Venules

A

collect blood from capillaries and gradually converge into the progressively larger veins

84
Q

Veins

A

transport oxygen-depleted blood back to heart

85
Q

Hemoglobin

A

transport iron-protein of oxygen carried by RBC

-also an acid-base buffer and a regulator of hydrogen ion concentration

86
Q

RBCs

A

major component of blood-contain large quantities of CO2 and H2O to facilitate CO2 removal

87
Q

Trachea

A

first passage of air distribution to the lungs

88
Q

Bronchi

A

second passage of air distribution to the lungs

89
Q

Bronchioles

A

third and additional passage of air distribution to the lungs (23 total passages)

90
Q

Alveoli

A

area in lungs where gases are exchanged in respiration

91
Q

Primary function of Respiratory System

A

basic exchange of O2 and CO2

92
Q

Pleural Pressure

A

pressure in the narrow space between the lung pleura and the chest wall pleura

93
Q

Pleura

A

membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the chest walls

94
Q

Alveolar pressure

A

pressure inside the alveoli when the glottis is open and no air is flowing into our out of the lungs.

95
Q

Diffusion

A

a simple random motion of molecules moving in opposite directions through the alveolar capillary membrane.
-energy for diffusion is provided by kinetic motion of the molecules.

CSCS Prep (2 decks)

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