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Sociology 101 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Society

A

People who share a culture and territory

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2
Q

Social Location

A

The group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society

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3
Q

Positivism

A

The application of the scientific approach to the social world

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4
Q

Sociology

A

The scientific study of society and human behavior

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5
Q

Social Darwinism

A

Societies evolve over time as the fittest people adapt to their environment

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6
Q

Class conflict

A

Marx’s term for the struggle between capitalists and workers

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7
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

Those who own the means of production

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8
Q

Proletariat

A

The exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

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9
Q

Social Integration

A

The degree to which members of a group or a society feel united by shared values and other social bonds; also known as social cohesion

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10
Q

Patterns of Behavior

A

Recurring behaviors or events

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11
Q

Basic (or pure) sociology

A

sociological research for the purpose of making discoveries about life in human groups, not making changes in those group

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12
Q

Applied Sociology

A

The use of sociology to solve problems- from the micro-level of classroom interaction and family relationships to the macro-level of crime and pollution

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13
Q

Theory

A

A general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another

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14
Q

Symbolic in Teractionism

A

A theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning develop their views of the worlds and communicate with one another

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15
Q

Functional Analysis

A

A theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that when fulfilled, contributes to society’s equilibruim; also known as functionalism and structural functionlism

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16
Q

Conflict Theory

A

A theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are completing for scarce resources

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17
Q

Macro-Level

A

An examination of large-scale patterns of society; such as how wall street and political establishment are interrelated

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18
Q

Micro-Level

A

An examination of small-scale patterns of society; such as how the members of a group interact

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19
Q

Social interactions

A

What people do when they are in one another’s presence; includes communication at a distance

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20
Q

Nonverbal interactions

A

communications without words through gestures, use of space, silence, and so on

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21
Q

Manifest dysfunction

A

An action is intended to help some part of a system

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22
Q

Latent Function

A

Can have unintended consequences that help a system adjust

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23
Q

Latent Dysfunction

A

Human action can also hurt a system; consequences usually are unintended

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24
Q

Hypothesis

A

A statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from a theory

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25
Q

Variable

A

A factor thought to be significant for human behavior, which can vary (or change) from one case to another

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26
Q

Operational definitions

A

The way in which a researcher measures a variable

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27
Q

Research methods

A

One of the seven procedures that sociologist use to collect data: surveys, participant observation, case studies, secondary analysis, document, experiments, and unobtrusive measures

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28
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which an operational definition measures what it is intended to measure

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29
Q

Reliability

A

The extent to which research produces consistent or dependable results

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30
Q

Survey

A

The collection of data by having people answer a series of question

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31
Q

Population

A

A target group to be studied

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32
Q

Sample

A

The individuals intended to represent the population to be studied

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33
Q

Random sample

A

A sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study

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34
Q

Stratified random sample

A

A sample from selected subgroup of the target population in which everyone in those subgroups has an equal chance of

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35
Q

Respondent

A

People who respond to a survey, either in interviews or by self-administered questionnaries

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36
Q

Closed-ended questions

A

Questions that are followed by a list of possible answers to be selected by the respondent

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37
Q

Open-ended questions

A

Questions that respondents answer in their own words

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38
Q

Rapport

A

A feeling of trust between researchers and the people they are studing

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39
Q

Fieldwork (Participant observation)

A

Research in which the researcher participates in a research setting while observing what is happening in that setting

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40
Q

Case Study

A

An intensive analysis of a single event, situation or individual

41
Q

Secondary analysis

A

The analysis of data that have been collected by other researches

42
Q

Documents

A

In its narrow sense, written sources that provide data; in its extended sense archival material of an sort including photographs, movies, CDs, DVDs, and so on

43
Q

Experimental groups

A

The group of subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the independent variable

44
Q

Control group

A

The subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable

45
Q

Independent variable

A

A factor that causes a change in another variable called the dependent variable

46
Q

Dependent variable

A

A factor in an experiment that is changed by an independent variable

47
Q

Unobtrusive measure

A

Way of observing people so they do not know they are being studied

48
Q

Generalization

A

a statement that goes beyond the individual case and is applied to a broader group or situation

49
Q

Control group

A

The subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable

50
Q

Population

A

A target group to be studied

51
Q

Society

A

people who shared a culture and a territory

52
Q

Public sociology

A

applying sociology for the public good; especially the use of the sociological perspective (how things related to on another) to guide politicians and policy makers

53
Q

Functional analysis

A

a theroretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society’s equilibrium; also known as functionalism and structural functionalism

54
Q

Independent variable

A

a factor that causes a change in another variable, called the dependent variable

55
Q

Reliability

A

the extent to which research produces consistent or dependable results

56
Q

positivism

A

the application of the scientific approach to the social world

57
Q

Proletariat

A

Marx’s term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

58
Q

Survey

A

the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions

59
Q

Respondents

A

people who respond to a survey, either in interviews or by self-administered questionnaires

60
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another

61
Q

Hypothesis

A

a statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from a theory

62
Q

random sample

A

a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study

63
Q

Globalization

A

The growing interconnections among nations due to the expansion of capitalism

64
Q

Globalization of Capitalism

A

Capitalism (investing to make profits within a rational system) becoming the globes dominant economic system

65
Q

What did C. Wright Mills mean when he used the word biography as applied to sociology?

A

An individual’s experiences within a specific historical settting

66
Q

What is an advantage of using a self-administered questionnaire?

A

A researcher can reach a large number of people at a low cost

67
Q

Kisha is studying how growing up as an African American girl in the suburbs influences a person’s behavior. She is looking at _______ to help understand the behavior of this group of people.

A

Social location

68
Q

Lynda is reading interviews and analyzing data collected for other studies. What research method is she using?

A

Secondary analysis

69
Q

____ is the degree to which people are tied to their social group.

A

Social intergration

70
Q

Why did those who believed in social Darwinism think it was wrong to help the poor?

A

It helped the less capable survive.

71
Q

Karl Marx believed _____ was behind social change.

A

Economics

72
Q

Why did Diana Scully and Joseph Marolla each interview half the participants in a research study using convicted rapists?

A

They wanted to avoid interview bias based on gender

73
Q

What did Laud Humphreys do that was considered unethical in his study of men who engage in sexual acts in public restrooms?

A

He disguised himself and pretended to be conducting a medical survey.

74
Q

Which part of Laud Humphreys’s research was participant observation?

A

Acting as a “watch queen” while observing the men.

75
Q

Counting liquor bottles found in trashcans to determine a community’s level of alcohol consumption is an example of using _____ as a research method.

A

unobtrusive measure

76
Q

Which of the following sociologists is best remembered for battling against racism?

A

W.E.D Du Bois

77
Q

What is the goal of applied sociology?

A

Implementing solutions

78
Q

The difference between a manifest function and a latent function is a manifest function has an ___ beneficial consequence and a latent function has an ____ consequence.

A

Intended; Unintended beneficial

79
Q

Improving society was the most important facet of sociological research in the ____ phase of sociology.

A

First

80
Q

In lecture, the intended or recognized function was called the:

A

Manifest function

81
Q

According to lecture a quasi-experiment is an experiment conducted in the real world. one of the problems with this method is:

A

That you can not control all the variables in the real world

82
Q

According to lecture, a method of analysis where you collect and use data from your own research is called:

A

Primary analysis

83
Q

Reliability refers to

A

The extend to which research produces consistent or dependable result

84
Q

A(n) ______, everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study.

A

Random sample

85
Q

According to text and lecture, ethical issues are sometimes hard to determine. According to lecture there are times where it is okay for the research to:

A

?

86
Q

According to lecture, in Conflict Theory, constant conflict produces constant:

A

?

87
Q

In lecture, the bourgeoisie are called the:

A

Have’s

88
Q

According to lecture, non-participant observation is used more frequently that participant observation because of:

A

you don’t have to fit into the group, For example a female could study a male group

89
Q

Auguste Comte is credited as being the founder of

A

Sociology

90
Q

Who was the founder of conflict theory?

A

Karl Marx

91
Q

The sociological imagination was developed by:

A

C. Wright Mills

92
Q

The Origin of sociology has its roots in ______ and ______.

A

science and the industrial revolution

93
Q

In both lecture and the text, participant observation is also called:

A

Field work

94
Q

______ are used to study people who are unaware that they are being studied

A

Unobtrusive measures

95
Q

Early sociologist and social reformer Jane Addams

A

won the Nobel Prize for Peace

96
Q

Using _____, Comte applied the scientific method to the social world.

A

Positivism

97
Q

The _____ examined by sociologists are recurring characteristics or events

A

pattern of behavior

98
Q

According to lecture, the true bell curve is:

A

A statistical equation, based on central tendencies, which some professors can use for determining class grades

Sociology 101 (3 decks)

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