Chapter 1 Flashcards
Convalescence
To recover one’s health and strength over a period of time after an illness or operation
Gross Anatomy
AKA Macroscopic Anatomy
Can be observed by the naked eye
Microscopic Anatomy
Cannot be observed by the naked eye
Cadaver
Corpse
4 Characteristics of Organisms
- Organization
- Metabolism
- Adaptation
- Reproduction
Skin protects us from
Bacteria Heat Cold Fluid Loss Fluid Gain
Why don’t swimmers gain much fluid?
Because fluid only accumulates in their skin cells.
What are the basic units/building blocks of life?
Cells
Anabolism
Making complex substances out of simple ones
Catabolism
Breaking complex substances into simpler ones
Why does our skin tan?
To protect itself from harmful ultraviolet rays.
Grave robbing was committed by anatomists until laws were passed making it legal for them to _____.
Dissect criminals, unclaimed bodies, or anyone who wanted their remains donated to science
Only humans have a ___.
Fully opposable thumb
In the monkey hand the thumb folds ___.
Downwards parallel to the fingers instead of perpendicular to the fingers like in humans
7 Levels of Organization
Organism Systems Organs Tissues Cells Molecules Atoms
What are the building blocks of everything?
Atoms
5 Essentials of Environment
Pressure Oxygen Heat Water Nutrients
Static Pressure
The weight of a gas or fluid pressing down on a point within
Dynamic Pressure
The force created by moving gas or fluid
Atmospheric Pressure
Static pressure that represents the total weight of the air in the atmosphere above us which constantly presses on our bodies
Atmospheric pressure gets ___ the higher you climb because there is less air above you.
Lower
What is the function of atmospheric pressure in our bodies?
To keep the gases within our bodies dissolved in body fluids for transport to our tissues
What would happen if atmospheric pressure too low?
The gas molecules dissolved and our body fluid would form bubbles which could explode cells or obstruct blood vessels.
Getting hit by a wave is an example of
Dynamic Pressure
Walking against a strong wind is an example of
Dynamic Pressure
Blood pressure is an example of
Fluid Pressure
What is the function of blood pressure?
To transport nutrients and help them move into cells and tissues.
What is the oxygen content of the air we breathe?
21%
Oxygen is absorbed by
Blood passing through the lungs
____ unlocks energy found in food. Without it ourselves with starve to death.
Oxygen
Lack of oxygen can cause
Dizziness, unconsciousness, and even death.
Heat is generated by
Metabolism
6 Reasons We Can’t Live Without Water
- Chemicals of life are dissolved in it
- Molecular reactions of life take place and it
- It’s moose the movements of various body parts
- It carries nutrients to cells
- It carries wastes away
- It transports messenger and regulatory molecules that govern cell life
Gradient
The difference in the quantity or concentration of a physical value between two areas
Life has gradients, death does not. What is an example of this?
There is a temperature gradient between a living person and the environment, but a dead body assumes the temperature of the environment.
Spermatozoa
Male sperm cells
What guides the sperm to the egg?
Heat and chemical gradients (Progesterone is thought to be one of these chemicals)
Sperm swim ___ gradients.
Up
About how many cells are in the body?
100 trillion
Homeostasis
The bodies automatic tendency to maintain the normal state and requires the effort of every organ, tissue, and cell
Set Point
The value at which a condition must be maintained for optimal health
Negative Feedback
A process that reflexively keeps systems tightly regulated near there set points and promotes stability
Illness is
Failed homeostasis.
Severe homeostatic dysfunction leads to
Death
Form of the Skin
Hair
Skin and Associated Glands
Nails
Functions of the Skin
Protects against the environment
Senses the environment
Helps synthesize Vitamin D
Cools the body by sweating
Form of the Skeletal System
Bone
Cartilage
Joints
Function of the Skeletal System
Provides shape and support for the body Anchors muscles Protects vital organs Stores minerals like calcium Synthesizes blood cells Joins permit movement between bones
Form of the Muscular System
Skeletal Muscle
Tendons
Function of the Muscular System
Moves bones Moves facial skin, creating expressions Enables speech Maintains posture Generates heat Assists breathing Tendons connect muscle to bone
Form of the Nervous System
Brain Eyes Ears Nose Tongue Spinal Cord Skin receptors Nerves
Function of the Nervous System
Provides and interprets information about the internal and external environment
Induced muscle contractions
Regulates autonomic functions like heartbeat
Responsible for thought, learning, and memory
Form of the Cardiovascular System
Blood Heart Capillaries Veins Arteries
Function of the Cardiovascular System
Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells
Transports carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells
Transports hormones
Blood Cells fight infections
Clotting components in blood prevent excessive blood loss
Form of the Respiratory System
Sinuses Nose Pharynx, larynx Trachea Bronchus Lungs
Function of the Respiratory System
Warms, moistens, and filters inhaled air Channels air to lungs Extracts oxygen from inhaled air Discharged carbon dioxide in exhaled air Helps regulate acid-base balance Helps produce sounds
Form of the Lymphatic/Immune System
Tonsils Thymus Lymph Nodes Spleen Lymph Vessels White Blood Cells
Function of the Lymphatic/Immune System
Defends against infection and cancer
Filters and returns fluid from extra cellular spaces to blood
Transports digested fats to the bloodstream
Form of the Digestive System
Mouth Salivary Glands Esophagus Liver and Gallbladder Pancreas Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Anus
Function of the Digestive System
Secretes Digestive enzymes that break down nutrients
Secretes mucus to protect digestive tract cells and lubricate food
Moves food and water through the digestive tract
Absorbs nutrients
Eliminates solid waste
Form of the Endocrine System
Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Thyroid Adrenal Glands Pancreas Gonads
Function of the Endocrine System
Produces hormones which regulate
- growth
- metabolism
- water balance
- behavior
- reproduction
- cell division
Form of the Urinary System
Kiddies
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Function of the Urinary System
Excretes waste
Adjusts water and electrolyte balance by altering urine volume
Regulates acid-base balance and salt levels
Secretes some hormones
Form of the Reproductive System
Ductus Deferens Seminal Vesicles Prostate Testes Penis Breasts Fallopian Tubes Ovaries Uterus Vagina Vulva
Copulation
Sexual Intercourse
Describe a negative feedback loop.
The condition activates the sensor.
The sensor signals the integrating center.
The integrating center stimulates the effector.
The effector corrects the condition, which results in homeostasis.
During a hemorrhage BP drops. How does the body compensate for this drop in BP?
The heart starts pumping faster and peripheral blood vessels constrict, making the skin look pale.
Hemorrhage causes and increase in ___ because the body is trying to compensate for low oxygen levels.
Respirations
How is hemorrhage treated in a hospital?
- Oxygen is administered
- Fluids are given via IV
- A blood transfusion is done if necessary
How does positive feedback work?
It pushes the detected change ever more strongly in the same direction until the process is completed.
Positive feedback is used in very few situations. Name one.
Childbirth
What is the difference between positive and negative feedback?
Negative feedback opposes change. Positive feedback enhances change.
How does positive feedback work in childbirth?
The baby’s head stretches the cervix, which signals the uterus to contract, which causes the cervix to stretch even more, which causes the uterus to contract even more … until the baby is born.
Standard Anatomically Position
Standing erect Head upright Facing forward Arms at sides Hands rotated with thumbs outside, palms forward Toes forward feet parallel
Anterior
Toward the front
Describe a negative feedback loop.
The condition activates the sensor.
The sensor signals the integrating center.
The integrating center stimulates the effector.
The effector corrects the condition, which results in homeostasis.
During a hemorrhage BP drops. How does the body compensate for this drop in BP?
The heart starts pumping faster and peripheral blood vessels constrict, making the skin look pale.
Describe a negative feedback loop.
The condition activates the sensor.
The sensor signals the integrating center.
The integrating center stimulates the effector.
The effector corrects the condition, which results in homeostasis.
During a hemorrhage BP drops. How does the body compensate for this drop in BP?
The heart starts pumping faster and peripheral blood vessels constrict, making the skin look pale.
Describe a negative feedback loop.
The condition activates the sensor.
The sensor signals the integrating center.
The integrating center stimulates the effector.
The effector corrects the condition, which results in homeostasis.
During a hemorrhage BP drops. How does the body compensate for this drop in BP?
The heart starts pumping faster and peripheral blood vessels constrict, making the skin look pale.
Positive feedback
Accelerated processes to an end point
Negative feedback ___ change. Positive feedback ___ change.
Opposes
Enhances
Positive feedback does not stabilize, it ___.
Reaches an end point
Describe the positive feedback cycle of birth.
The babies head stretches the cervix, which signals the uterus to contract, which stretches the cervix more, which signals the uterus to contract more… until the baby is born.
Standard anatomic position
Standing Facing forward Arms at sides Palms forward Feet parallel
Anterior
Toward the front
Posterior
Toward the back
Superior
Above
Inferior
Below
Proximal
Nearer the point of attachment
Distal
Farther from the point of attachment
Medial
Toward the vertical midline
Lateral
Away from the verticals midline
Superficial
Toward the outside of the body
Deep
Toward the inside of the body
Planes
Imaginary flat surfaces
Sections
2D shapes revealed by planes
Frontal/Coronal plane
The vertical plane that divides the body into posterior and anterior sections
Sagittal plane
A vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sections
Midsagittal Plane
The sagittal plane right down the middle of the body
Transverse Plane
The horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections
Surface Anatomy
Features visible on an intact, unclothed body
Lost the 5 regions of the body.
Head Neck Trunk Upper Limb Lower Limb
The trunk consists of
The chest, abdomen, and pelvis.
The upper Limb consists of
The shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand
The lower Limb consists of
The but, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.
Head
Cephalon
Eye
Orbital or ocular
Cheek
Buccal
Ear
Otic
Nose
Nasal
Mouth
Oral
Chin
Mental
Neck
Cervical
Chest
Thoracic
Breast
Mammary
Abdomen
Abdominal
Navel
Umbilical
Pelvis
Pelvic
Loin
Lumbar
Groin
Inguinal
Pubic
Pubic
Armpit
Axillary
Arm
Brachial
Front of elbow
Antecubital
Forearm
Antebrachial
Back of elbow
Olecranal
Wrist
Carpal
Hand
Manual
Butt
Gluteal
Thigh
Femoral
Back of knee
Popliteal
Kneecap
Patellar
Leg
Crural
Calf
Sural
Anckle
Tarsal
Foot
Pedal
Heel
Calcaneal
Sole of foot
Plantar
Toes
Digital or phalangeal
Sternum
Sternal
Hip
Coxal
Back of the head
Occipital
Point of the shoulder
Acromial
Shoulder blade
Scapular
Tail bone
Sacral
What are the two dorsal cavities?
The cranial cavity
And
The spinal cavity
The cranial cavity and the spinal cavity are formed of ___ and are lined with ___.
Bone (Skull and spinal column)
Membranes
The meninges
The continuous membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
Ventral Cavity
The anterior body cavity composed of the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
The ventral cavity is divided by the
Diaphragm
Thoracic Cavity
The chest cavity above the diaphragm that contains the heart, lungs, and large vessels
Abdominopelvic Cavity
The cavity below the diaphragm that is divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities by an imaginary line that runs along the top of the pelvis
The abdominal cavity contains
The stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and most of the intestines
The pelvic cavity contains
Part of the large intestine as well as the reproductive organs
Pericardium
The membrane covering the heart
Pleurae
The membranes covering the lungs
Peritoneum
The membrane covering many abdominopelvic organs
The visceral layer of the membrane attaches to
The organs
The parietal layer of the membrane attaches to
The cavity wall
How do the thoracic and abdominal membranes form in the developing fetus?
Like a fist pushing into a balloon
Visceral pericardium
The inner layer of the membrane surrounding the heart
Parietal pericardium
The outer layer of the membrane surrounding the heart
Pericardial Cavity
The space inside the membrane of the heart
In Latin, Viscus means
Organ
In Latin, Parietalis means
Wall
Mediastinum
A space between the pleural cavities and above the diaphragm that contains the heart, pericardial sac, the great arteries and veins near the heart, fat, lymph nodes, nerves, and the large bronchi
Large bronchi
Hollow tubes that carry air to and from the lungs
The peritoneum membrane covers
The liver, spleen, intestines, and the ovaries, uterine tubes, and fundus
