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Human Form Human Function > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Convalescence

A

To recover one’s health and strength over a period of time after an illness or operation

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2
Q

Gross Anatomy

AKA Macroscopic Anatomy

A

Can be observed by the naked eye

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3
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Cannot be observed by the naked eye

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4
Q

Cadaver

A

Corpse

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5
Q

4 Characteristics of Organisms

A
  1. Organization
  2. Metabolism
  3. Adaptation
  4. Reproduction
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6
Q

Skin protects us from

A 
Bacteria
Heat
Cold
Fluid Loss
Fluid Gain
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7
Q

Why don’t swimmers gain much fluid?

A

Because fluid only accumulates in their skin cells.

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8
Q

What are the basic units/building blocks of life?

A

Cells

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9
Q

Anabolism

A

Making complex substances out of simple ones

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10
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking complex substances into simpler ones

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11
Q

Why does our skin tan?

A

To protect itself from harmful ultraviolet rays.

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12
Q

Grave robbing was committed by anatomists until laws were passed making it legal for them to _____.

A

Dissect criminals, unclaimed bodies, or anyone who wanted their remains donated to science

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13
Q

Only humans have a ___.

A

Fully opposable thumb

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14
Q

In the monkey hand the thumb folds ___.

A

Downwards parallel to the fingers instead of perpendicular to the fingers like in humans

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15
Q

7 Levels of Organization

A 
Organism
Systems
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Molecules
Atoms
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16
Q

What are the building blocks of everything?

A

Atoms

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17
Q

5 Essentials of Environment

A 
Pressure
Oxygen
Heat
Water
Nutrients
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18
Q

Static Pressure

A

The weight of a gas or fluid pressing down on a point within

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19
Q

Dynamic Pressure

A

The force created by moving gas or fluid

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20
Q

Atmospheric Pressure

A

Static pressure that represents the total weight of the air in the atmosphere above us which constantly presses on our bodies

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21
Q

Atmospheric pressure gets ___ the higher you climb because there is less air above you.

A

Lower

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22
Q

What is the function of atmospheric pressure in our bodies?

A

To keep the gases within our bodies dissolved in body fluids for transport to our tissues

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23
Q

What would happen if atmospheric pressure too low?

A

The gas molecules dissolved and our body fluid would form bubbles which could explode cells or obstruct blood vessels.

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24
Q

Getting hit by a wave is an example of

A

Dynamic Pressure

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25
Q

Walking against a strong wind is an example of

A

Dynamic Pressure

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26
Q

Blood pressure is an example of

A

Fluid Pressure

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27
Q

What is the function of blood pressure?

A

To transport nutrients and help them move into cells and tissues.

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28
Q

What is the oxygen content of the air we breathe?

A

21%

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29
Q

Oxygen is absorbed by

A

Blood passing through the lungs

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30
Q

____ unlocks energy found in food. Without it ourselves with starve to death.

A

Oxygen

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31
Q

Lack of oxygen can cause

A

Dizziness, unconsciousness, and even death.

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32
Q

Heat is generated by

A

Metabolism

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33
Q

6 Reasons We Can’t Live Without Water

A
  1. Chemicals of life are dissolved in it
  2. Molecular reactions of life take place and it
  3. It’s moose the movements of various body parts
  4. It carries nutrients to cells
  5. It carries wastes away
  6. It transports messenger and regulatory molecules that govern cell life
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34
Q

Gradient

A

The difference in the quantity or concentration of a physical value between two areas

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35
Q

Life has gradients, death does not. What is an example of this?

A

There is a temperature gradient between a living person and the environment, but a dead body assumes the temperature of the environment.

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36
Q

Spermatozoa

A

Male sperm cells

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37
Q

What guides the sperm to the egg?

A

Heat and chemical gradients (Progesterone is thought to be one of these chemicals)

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38
Q

Sperm swim ___ gradients.

A

Up

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39
Q

About how many cells are in the body?

A

100 trillion

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40
Q

Homeostasis

A

The bodies automatic tendency to maintain the normal state and requires the effort of every organ, tissue, and cell

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41
Q

Set Point

A

The value at which a condition must be maintained for optimal health

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42
Q

Negative Feedback

A

A process that reflexively keeps systems tightly regulated near there set points and promotes stability

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43
Q

Illness is

A

Failed homeostasis.

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44
Q

Severe homeostatic dysfunction leads to

A

Death

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45
Q

Form of the Skin

A

Hair
Skin and Associated Glands
Nails

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46
Q

Functions of the Skin

A

Protects against the environment
Senses the environment
Helps synthesize Vitamin D
Cools the body by sweating

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47
Q

Form of the Skeletal System

A

Bone
Cartilage
Joints

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48
Q

Function of the Skeletal System

A 
Provides shape and support for the body
Anchors muscles
Protects vital organs 
Stores minerals like calcium
Synthesizes blood cells
Joins permit movement between bones
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49
Q

Form of the Muscular System

A

Skeletal Muscle

Tendons

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50
Q

Function of the Muscular System

A 
Moves bones
Moves facial skin, creating expressions
Enables speech
Maintains posture
Generates heat
Assists breathing
Tendons connect muscle to bone
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51
Q

Form of the Nervous System

A 
Brain
Eyes
Ears
Nose
Tongue
Spinal Cord
Skin receptors
Nerves
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52
Q

Function of the Nervous System

A

Provides and interprets information about the internal and external environment
Induced muscle contractions
Regulates autonomic functions like heartbeat
Responsible for thought, learning, and memory

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53
Q

Form of the Cardiovascular System

A 
Blood
Heart
Capillaries 
Veins
Arteries
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54
Q

Function of the Cardiovascular System

A

Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells
Transports carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells
Transports hormones
Blood Cells fight infections
Clotting components in blood prevent excessive blood loss

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55
Q

Form of the Respiratory System

A 
Sinuses
Nose
Pharynx, larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Lungs
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56
Q

Function of the Respiratory System

A 
Warms, moistens, and filters inhaled air
Channels air to lungs
Extracts oxygen from inhaled air
Discharged carbon dioxide in exhaled air
Helps regulate acid-base balance
Helps produce sounds
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57
Q

Form of the Lymphatic/Immune System

A 
Tonsils
Thymus
Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Lymph Vessels
White Blood Cells
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58
Q

Function of the Lymphatic/Immune System

A

Defends against infection and cancer
Filters and returns fluid from extra cellular spaces to blood
Transports digested fats to the bloodstream

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59
Q

Form of the Digestive System

A 
Mouth
Salivary Glands
Esophagus 
Liver and Gallbladder
Pancreas
Stomach
Small intestine 
Large intestine
Anus
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60
Q

Function of the Digestive System

A

Secretes Digestive enzymes that break down nutrients
Secretes mucus to protect digestive tract cells and lubricate food
Moves food and water through the digestive tract
Absorbs nutrients
Eliminates solid waste

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61
Q

Form of the Endocrine System

A 
Hypothalamus 
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid
Adrenal Glands
Pancreas
Gonads
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62
Q

Function of the Endocrine System

A

Produces hormones which regulate

  • growth
  • metabolism
  • water balance
  • behavior
  • reproduction
  • cell division
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63
Q

Form of the Urinary System

A

Kiddies
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra

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64
Q

Function of the Urinary System

A

Excretes waste
Adjusts water and electrolyte balance by altering urine volume
Regulates acid-base balance and salt levels
Secretes some hormones

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65
Q

Form of the Reproductive System

A 
Ductus Deferens
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate
Testes
Penis
Breasts
Fallopian Tubes
Ovaries
Uterus
Vagina
Vulva
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66
Q

Copulation

A

Sexual Intercourse

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67
Q

Describe a negative feedback loop.

A

The condition activates the sensor.
The sensor signals the integrating center.
The integrating center stimulates the effector.
The effector corrects the condition, which results in homeostasis.

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68
Q

During a hemorrhage BP drops. How does the body compensate for this drop in BP?

A

The heart starts pumping faster and peripheral blood vessels constrict, making the skin look pale.

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69
Q

Hemorrhage causes and increase in ___ because the body is trying to compensate for low oxygen levels.

A

Respirations

70
Q

How is hemorrhage treated in a hospital?

A
  1. Oxygen is administered
  2. Fluids are given via IV
  3. A blood transfusion is done if necessary
71
Q

How does positive feedback work?

A

It pushes the detected change ever more strongly in the same direction until the process is completed.

72
Q

Positive feedback is used in very few situations. Name one.

A

Childbirth

73
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative feedback?

A

Negative feedback opposes change. Positive feedback enhances change.

74
Q

How does positive feedback work in childbirth?

A

The baby’s head stretches the cervix, which signals the uterus to contract, which causes the cervix to stretch even more, which causes the uterus to contract even more … until the baby is born.

75
Q

Standard Anatomically Position

A 
Standing erect
Head upright
Facing forward 
Arms at sides
Hands rotated with thumbs outside, palms forward
Toes forward feet parallel
76
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the front

77
Q

Describe a negative feedback loop.

A

The condition activates the sensor.
The sensor signals the integrating center.
The integrating center stimulates the effector.
The effector corrects the condition, which results in homeostasis.

78
Q

During a hemorrhage BP drops. How does the body compensate for this drop in BP?

A

The heart starts pumping faster and peripheral blood vessels constrict, making the skin look pale.

79
Q

Describe a negative feedback loop.

A

The condition activates the sensor.
The sensor signals the integrating center.
The integrating center stimulates the effector.
The effector corrects the condition, which results in homeostasis.

80
Q

During a hemorrhage BP drops. How does the body compensate for this drop in BP?

A

The heart starts pumping faster and peripheral blood vessels constrict, making the skin look pale.

81
Q

Describe a negative feedback loop.

A

The condition activates the sensor.
The sensor signals the integrating center.
The integrating center stimulates the effector.
The effector corrects the condition, which results in homeostasis.

82
Q

During a hemorrhage BP drops. How does the body compensate for this drop in BP?

A

The heart starts pumping faster and peripheral blood vessels constrict, making the skin look pale.

83
Q

Positive feedback

A

Accelerated processes to an end point

84
Q

Negative feedback ___ change. Positive feedback ___ change.

A

Opposes

Enhances

85
Q

Positive feedback does not stabilize, it ___.

A

Reaches an end point

86
Q

Describe the positive feedback cycle of birth.

A

The babies head stretches the cervix, which signals the uterus to contract, which stretches the cervix more, which signals the uterus to contract more… until the baby is born.

87
Q

Standard anatomic position

A 
Standing
Facing forward
Arms at sides
Palms forward
Feet parallel
88
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the front

89
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the back

90
Q

Superior

A

Above

91
Q

Inferior

A

Below

92
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer the point of attachment

93
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the point of attachment

94
Q

Medial

A

Toward the vertical midline

95
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the verticals midline

96
Q

Superficial

A

Toward the outside of the body

97
Q

Deep

A

Toward the inside of the body

98
Q

Planes

A

Imaginary flat surfaces

99
Q

Sections

A

2D shapes revealed by planes

100
Q

Frontal/Coronal plane

A

The vertical plane that divides the body into posterior and anterior sections

101
Q

Sagittal plane

A

A vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sections

102
Q

Midsagittal Plane

A

The sagittal plane right down the middle of the body

103
Q

Transverse Plane

A

The horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections

104
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

Features visible on an intact, unclothed body

105
Q

Lost the 5 regions of the body.

A 
Head
Neck
Trunk
Upper Limb
Lower Limb
106
Q

The trunk consists of

A

The chest, abdomen, and pelvis.

107
Q

The upper Limb consists of

A

The shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand

108
Q

The lower Limb consists of

A

The but, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.

109
Q

Head

A

Cephalon

110
Q

Eye

A

Orbital or ocular

111
Q

Cheek

A

Buccal

112
Q

Ear

A

Otic

113
Q

Nose

A

Nasal

114
Q

Mouth

A

Oral

115
Q

Chin

A

Mental

116
Q

Neck

A

Cervical

117
Q

Chest

A

Thoracic

118
Q

Breast

A

Mammary

119
Q

Abdomen

A

Abdominal

120
Q

Navel

A

Umbilical

121
Q

Pelvis

A

Pelvic

122
Q

Loin

A

Lumbar

123
Q

Groin

A

Inguinal

124
Q

Pubic

A

Pubic

125
Q

Armpit

A

Axillary

126
Q

Arm

A

Brachial

127
Q

Front of elbow

A

Antecubital

128
Q

Forearm

A

Antebrachial

129
Q

Back of elbow

A

Olecranal

130
Q

Wrist

A

Carpal

131
Q

Hand

A

Manual

132
Q

Butt

A

Gluteal

133
Q

Thigh

A

Femoral

134
Q

Back of knee

A

Popliteal

135
Q

Kneecap

A

Patellar

136
Q

Leg

A

Crural

137
Q

Calf

A

Sural

138
Q

Anckle

A

Tarsal

139
Q

Foot

A

Pedal

140
Q

Heel

A

Calcaneal

141
Q

Sole of foot

A

Plantar

142
Q

Toes

A

Digital or phalangeal

143
Q

Sternum

A

Sternal

144
Q

Hip

A

Coxal

145
Q

Back of the head

A

Occipital

146
Q

Point of the shoulder

A

Acromial

147
Q

Shoulder blade

A

Scapular

148
Q

Tail bone

A

Sacral

149
Q

What are the two dorsal cavities?

A

The cranial cavity
And
The spinal cavity

150
Q

The cranial cavity and the spinal cavity are formed of ___ and are lined with ___.

A

Bone (Skull and spinal column)

Membranes

151
Q

The meninges

A

The continuous membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

152
Q

Ventral Cavity

A

The anterior body cavity composed of the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

153
Q

The ventral cavity is divided by the

A

Diaphragm

154
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

The chest cavity above the diaphragm that contains the heart, lungs, and large vessels

155
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

The cavity below the diaphragm that is divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities by an imaginary line that runs along the top of the pelvis

156
Q

The abdominal cavity contains

A

The stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and most of the intestines

157
Q

The pelvic cavity contains

A

Part of the large intestine as well as the reproductive organs

158
Q

Pericardium

A

The membrane covering the heart

159
Q

Pleurae

A

The membranes covering the lungs

160
Q

Peritoneum

A

The membrane covering many abdominopelvic organs

161
Q

The visceral layer of the membrane attaches to

A

The organs

162
Q

The parietal layer of the membrane attaches to

A

The cavity wall

163
Q

How do the thoracic and abdominal membranes form in the developing fetus?

A

Like a fist pushing into a balloon

164
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

The inner layer of the membrane surrounding the heart

165
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

The outer layer of the membrane surrounding the heart

166
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

The space inside the membrane of the heart

167
Q

In Latin, Viscus means

A

Organ

168
Q

In Latin, Parietalis means

A

Wall

169
Q

Mediastinum

A

A space between the pleural cavities and above the diaphragm that contains the heart, pericardial sac, the great arteries and veins near the heart, fat, lymph nodes, nerves, and the large bronchi

170
Q

Large bronchi

A

Hollow tubes that carry air to and from the lungs

171
Q

The peritoneum membrane covers

A

The liver, spleen, intestines, and the ovaries, uterine tubes, and fundus

Human Form Human Function (1 decks)

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