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Micros lecture 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which century was the development of hygiene,

A

mid 19th century

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2
Q

Which century was the Development of vaccines

A

Late 19th century

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3
Q

Which century was the development of anti-infectious drugs,

A

beginning in the

early 20th century

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4
Q

Who is Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

A

discovered the bacterial world.

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5
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

Botanist, he developed a

taxonomic system

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6
Q

Classification by leeuwenhoek

A 
Bacteria
Archea
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Parasites
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7
Q

Can be considered the father of Microbiology

A

Louis Pasteur

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8
Q

Etiology: study of causation of

disease, including the germ theory of disease, pathogen.

A

Robert Koch

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9
Q

Ivanowsky and Beijerinck

A

tobacco mosaic disease caused by filterable

virus

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10
Q

Gram staining

A

Hans Gram

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11
Q

John Snow

A

Infection control and epidemiology

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12
Q

nurse, hygiene standards

A

Florence Nightingale

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13
Q

Vaccination and immunology

A

Edward Jenner

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14
Q

Both members benefit from their interaction.

A

Mutualism:

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15
Q

only one member benefits. E.g.: Staphylococcus edidermidis,

even if it inhibits pathogenic microbes from colonizing the skin.

A

Commensalism:

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16
Q

One member benefits while harming the host: PATHOGEN

A

Parasitism:

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17
Q

When do the normal microbiota can become opportunistic pathogens.

A

1.Introduction in an unusual site in the body
2.Immune suppression:
3.Changes in the normal microbiota:changes or absence of microbial
competition

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18
Q

Animal reservoirs: Identified

zoonoses

A

yellow fever, anthrax, bubonic

plague, rabies, malaria

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19
Q

Human carriers: (During active disease, or before or after obvious symptoms, asymptomatic but
infective carriers)

A

tuberculosis, syphilis, Salmonella enterica, AIDS

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20
Q

Nonliving reservoirs:

A

Clostridium, parasites.

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21
Q

Name the portal of entries

A

Skin
Mucous membrane-the major portals- Lining of respiratory,
gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive tracts, conjuntiva
Placenta

22
Q

Degree of

pathogenicity.

A

VIRULENCE:

23
Q

Exogenous nosocomial infections:

A

acquired from the environment.

24
Q

Iatrogenic infections:

A

result of invasive

procedures.

25
Q

Endogenous nosocomial infections:

A

from

the microbiota.

26
Q

Endemic infecton:

A

it occurs at relatvely stable incidence in a given area or populaton.

27
Q

number of new cases of a disease in a given area or population
during a given period of time

A

Incidence:

28
Q

total number of cases of a disease in a given area or

population during a given period of time.

A

Prevalence:

29
Q

Pandemic infection

A

it occurs
simultaneously on more
than one continent.

30
Q

Sporadic infection

A

few scattered cases in a given area or population.

31
Q

Treponema pallidum common disease

A

syphilis

32
Q

Lyme disease

A

Borrelia burgdorferi:

33
Q

Fimbriae: Rodlike, proteinaceous, sticky, short extensions which adhere to one
another or to substances in the environment. Hundreds per cell. E.g.

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

34
Q

The transfer of DNA is called

A

Conjugation

35
Q

Organized, layered systems of bacteria and other microbes attached to a surface are called?

A

Biofilm

36
Q

Name the 3 bacterial cell walls functions

A
  1. Protection from osmotic forces.
  2. Attachment to other cells,
  3. Resistance to antimicrobial drugs.
37
Q

Bacterial cell walls are

composed of:

A

PEPTIDOGLYCAN, a

polysaccharide.

38
Q 
Crossbridges of 4
aminoacids (tetrapeptides)
bonded to one another or
held together by short
connecting chains of other
aminoacids called
A

PEPTIDO

39
Q 
Regularly alternating
sugars, N-acetylglucosamine
(NAG) and N-acetylmuramic
acid (NAM), covalently
linked in chains
A

GLYCAN

40
Q

Gram +ve Bacterial cell wall have thick peptidoglycan containing what?

A

TEICHOIC ACIDS and lipoteikoic acids

41
Q

What colour is the The thick cell wall of a

Gram-positive bacterium after staining

A

retains crystal violet dye:

purple.

42
Q

Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Walls have a Outer bilayer membrane. True or false:
inner leaflet: phospholipids and proteins.

A

True

43
Q

Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Walls have a Outer bilayer membrane. True or false:
outer leaflet: lipopolysaccharide (lipid A or endotoxin + sugar).

A

true

44
Q

Periplasmic space is integral proteins forming channels through both leaflets.

A

False
peptidoglycan + periplasm (gel containing water,
nutrients, digestive enzymes, proteins).

45
Q

Lipopolysaccharide has a
O Side chain: a repetitive
glycan polymer not varying from strain to strain and target for recognition by host antibodies.
True or false and why

A 
Lipopolysaccharide has a 
O Side chain: a repetitive
glycan polymer varying from
strain to strain and target for
recognition by host antibodies.
46
Q 
True or false
Core domain always
contains an oligosaccharide
component and noncarbohydrate
components,
A

True

47
Q

Lipid A is released upon

bacterial death or

A

replication

48
Q

Osmosis is diffusion of water across a permeable membrane.

A

Osmosis is diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

49
Q

Facilitated diffusion through channel proteins and permeases. T or F

A

T

50
Q

Fluid mosaic model: proteins and lipids are free to flow horizontal within a membrane.

A

Fluid mosaic model: proteins and lipids are free to flow laterally within a membrane.

51
Q

Group translocation: the substance is electronically changed during transport (e.g. glucose…glucose-6-P

true or false and why)

A

Group translocation: the substance is chemically changed during transport (e.g. glucose…glucose-6-P

Micros lecture 1 (1 decks)

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