Chapter 1

Question 1

Which century was the development of hygiene,

Answer 1

mid 19th century

Question 2

Which century was the Development of vaccines

Answer 2

Late 19th century

Question 3

Which century was the development of anti-infectious drugs,

Answer 3

beginning in the

early 20th century

Question 4

Who is Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 4

discovered the bacterial world.

Question 5

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 5

Botanist, he developed a

taxonomic system

Question 6

Classification by leeuwenhoek

Answer 6

Bacteria
Archea
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Parasites

Question 7

Can be considered the father of Microbiology

Answer 7

Louis Pasteur

Question 8

Etiology: study of causation of

disease, including the germ theory of disease, pathogen.

Answer 8

Robert Koch

Question 9

Ivanowsky and Beijerinck

Answer 9

tobacco mosaic disease caused by filterable

virus

Question 10

Gram staining

Answer 10

Hans Gram

Question 11

John Snow

Answer 11

Infection control and epidemiology

Question 12

nurse, hygiene standards

Answer 12

Florence Nightingale

Question 13

Vaccination and immunology

Answer 13

Edward Jenner

Question 14

Both members benefit from their interaction.

Answer 14

Mutualism:

Question 15

only one member benefits. E.g.: Staphylococcus edidermidis,

even if it inhibits pathogenic microbes from colonizing the skin.

Answer 15

Commensalism:

Question 16

One member benefits while harming the host: PATHOGEN

Answer 16

Parasitism:

Question 17

When do the normal microbiota can become opportunistic pathogens.

Answer 17

1.Introduction in an unusual site in the body
2.Immune suppression:
3.Changes in the normal microbiota:changes or absence of microbial
competition

Question 18

Animal reservoirs: Identified

zoonoses

Answer 18

yellow fever, anthrax, bubonic

plague, rabies, malaria

Question 19

Human carriers: (During active disease, or before or after obvious symptoms, asymptomatic but
infective carriers)

Answer 19

tuberculosis, syphilis, Salmonella enterica, AIDS

Question 20

Nonliving reservoirs:

Answer 20

Clostridium, parasites.

Question 21

Name the portal of entries

Answer 21

Skin
Mucous membrane-the major portals- Lining of respiratory,
gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive tracts, conjuntiva
Placenta

Question 22

Degree of

pathogenicity.

Answer 22

VIRULENCE:

Question 23

Exogenous nosocomial infections:

Answer 23

acquired from the environment.

Question 24

Iatrogenic infections:

Answer 24

result of invasive

procedures.

Question 25

Endogenous nosocomial infections:

Answer 25

from | the microbiota.

Question 26

Endemic infecton:

Answer 26

it occurs at relatvely stable incidence in a given area or populaton.

Question 27

number of new cases of a disease in a given area or population during a given period of time

Answer 27

Incidence:

Question 28

total number of cases of a disease in a given area or | population during a given period of time.

Answer 28

Prevalence:

Question 29

Pandemic infection

Answer 29

it occurs simultaneously on more than one continent.

Question 30

Sporadic infection

Answer 30

few scattered cases in a given area or population.

Question 31

Treponema pallidum common disease

Answer 31

syphilis

Question 32

Lyme disease

Answer 32

Borrelia burgdorferi:

Question 33

Fimbriae: Rodlike, proteinaceous, sticky, short extensions which adhere to one another or to substances in the environment. Hundreds per cell. E.g.

Answer 33

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Question 34

The transfer of DNA is called

Answer 34

Conjugation

Question 35

Organized, layered systems of bacteria and other microbes attached to a surface are called?

Answer 35

Biofilm

Question 36

Name the 3 bacterial cell walls functions

Answer 36

1. Protection from osmotic forces. 2. Attachment to other cells, 3. Resistance to antimicrobial drugs.

Question 37

Bacterial cell walls are | composed of:

Answer 37

PEPTIDOGLYCAN, a | polysaccharide.

Question 38

``` Crossbridges of 4 aminoacids (tetrapeptides) bonded to one another or held together by short connecting chains of other aminoacids called ```

Answer 38

PEPTIDO

Question 39

``` Regularly alternating sugars, N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM), covalently linked in chains ```

Answer 39

GLYCAN

Question 40

Gram +ve Bacterial cell wall have thick peptidoglycan containing what?

Answer 40

TEICHOIC ACIDS and lipoteikoic acids

Question 41

What colour is the The thick cell wall of a | Gram-positive bacterium after staining

Answer 41

retains crystal violet dye: | purple.

Question 42

Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Walls have a Outer bilayer membrane. True or false: inner leaflet: phospholipids and proteins.

Answer 42

True

Question 43

Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Walls have a Outer bilayer membrane. True or false: outer leaflet: lipopolysaccharide (lipid A or endotoxin + sugar).

Answer 43

true

Question 44

Periplasmic space is integral proteins forming channels through both leaflets.

Answer 44

False peptidoglycan + periplasm (gel containing water, nutrients, digestive enzymes, proteins).

Question 45

Lipopolysaccharide has a O Side chain: a repetitive glycan polymer not varying from strain to strain and target for recognition by host antibodies. True or false and why

Answer 45

``` Lipopolysaccharide has a O Side chain: a repetitive glycan polymer varying from strain to strain and target for recognition by host antibodies. ```

Question 46

``` True or false Core domain always contains an oligosaccharide component and noncarbohydrate components, ```

Answer 46

True

Question 47

Lipid A is released upon | bacterial death or

Answer 47

replication

Question 48

Osmosis is diffusion of water across a permeable membrane.

Answer 48

Osmosis is diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

Question 49

Facilitated diffusion through channel proteins and permeases. T or F

Answer 49

T

Question 50

Fluid mosaic model: proteins and lipids are free to flow horizontal within a membrane.

Answer 50

Fluid mosaic model: proteins and lipids are free to flow laterally within a membrane.

Question 51

Group translocation: the substance is electronically changed during transport (e.g. glucose…glucose-6-P true or false and why)

Answer 51

Group translocation: the substance is chemically changed during transport (e.g. glucose…glucose-6-P