Chapter 1 Flashcards
Which century was the development of hygiene,
mid 19th century
Which century was the Development of vaccines
Late 19th century
Which century was the development of anti-infectious drugs,
beginning in the
early 20th century
Who is Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
discovered the bacterial world.
Carolus Linnaeus
Botanist, he developed a
taxonomic system
Classification by leeuwenhoek
Bacteria Archea Fungi Protozoa Algae Parasites
Can be considered the father of Microbiology
Louis Pasteur
Etiology: study of causation of
disease, including the germ theory of disease, pathogen.
Robert Koch
Ivanowsky and Beijerinck
tobacco mosaic disease caused by filterable
virus
Gram staining
Hans Gram
John Snow
Infection control and epidemiology
nurse, hygiene standards
Florence Nightingale
Vaccination and immunology
Edward Jenner
Both members benefit from their interaction.
Mutualism:
only one member benefits. E.g.: Staphylococcus edidermidis,
even if it inhibits pathogenic microbes from colonizing the skin.
Commensalism:
One member benefits while harming the host: PATHOGEN
Parasitism:
When do the normal microbiota can become opportunistic pathogens.
1.Introduction in an unusual site in the body
2.Immune suppression:
3.Changes in the normal microbiota:changes or absence of microbial
competition
Animal reservoirs: Identified
zoonoses
yellow fever, anthrax, bubonic
plague, rabies, malaria
Human carriers: (During active disease, or before or after obvious symptoms, asymptomatic but
infective carriers)
tuberculosis, syphilis, Salmonella enterica, AIDS
Nonliving reservoirs:
Clostridium, parasites.
Name the portal of entries
Skin
Mucous membrane-the major portals- Lining of respiratory,
gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive tracts, conjuntiva
Placenta
Degree of
pathogenicity.
VIRULENCE:
Exogenous nosocomial infections:
acquired from the environment.
Iatrogenic infections:
result of invasive
procedures.
Endogenous nosocomial infections:
from
the microbiota.
Endemic infecton:
it occurs at relatvely stable incidence in a given area or populaton.
number of new cases of a disease in a given area or population
during a given period of time
Incidence:
total number of cases of a disease in a given area or
population during a given period of time.
Prevalence:
Pandemic infection
it occurs
simultaneously on more
than one continent.
Sporadic infection
few scattered cases in a given area or population.
Treponema pallidum common disease
syphilis
Lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi:
Fimbriae: Rodlike, proteinaceous, sticky, short extensions which adhere to one
another or to substances in the environment. Hundreds per cell. E.g.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
The transfer of DNA is called
Conjugation
Organized, layered systems of bacteria and other microbes attached to a surface are called?
Biofilm
Name the 3 bacterial cell walls functions
- Protection from osmotic forces.
- Attachment to other cells,
- Resistance to antimicrobial drugs.
Bacterial cell walls are
composed of:
PEPTIDOGLYCAN, a
polysaccharide.
Crossbridges of 4 aminoacids (tetrapeptides) bonded to one another or held together by short connecting chains of other aminoacids called
PEPTIDO
Regularly alternating sugars, N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM), covalently linked in chains
GLYCAN
Gram +ve Bacterial cell wall have thick peptidoglycan containing what?
TEICHOIC ACIDS and lipoteikoic acids
What colour is the The thick cell wall of a
Gram-positive bacterium after staining
retains crystal violet dye:
purple.
Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Walls have a Outer bilayer membrane. True or false:
inner leaflet: phospholipids and proteins.
True
Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Walls have a Outer bilayer membrane. True or false:
outer leaflet: lipopolysaccharide (lipid A or endotoxin + sugar).
true
Periplasmic space is integral proteins forming channels through both leaflets.
False
peptidoglycan + periplasm (gel containing water,
nutrients, digestive enzymes, proteins).
Lipopolysaccharide has a
O Side chain: a repetitive
glycan polymer not varying from strain to strain and target for recognition by host antibodies.
True or false and why
Lipopolysaccharide has a O Side chain: a repetitive glycan polymer varying from strain to strain and target for recognition by host antibodies.
True or false Core domain always contains an oligosaccharide component and noncarbohydrate components,
True
Lipid A is released upon
bacterial death or
replication
Osmosis is diffusion of water across a permeable membrane.
Osmosis is diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
Facilitated diffusion through channel proteins and permeases. T or F
T
Fluid mosaic model: proteins and lipids are free to flow horizontal within a membrane.
Fluid mosaic model: proteins and lipids are free to flow laterally within a membrane.
Group translocation: the substance is electronically changed during transport (e.g. glucose…glucose-6-P
true or false and why)
Group translocation: the substance is chemically changed during transport (e.g. glucose…glucose-6-P
