Chapter 1

Question 1

Tenacity

Answer 1

nonscientific; believe something based on tradition and superstition. limitations: can’t separate accurate from inaccurate or correct erroneous answers

Question 2

Authority

Answer 2

nonscientific; rely on info or answers from an expert in the field. limitations: even experts get things wrong

Question 3

Intuition

Answer 3

nonscientific; information accepted on the basis of a hunch. limitations: can’t separate accurate from inaccurate or correct erroneous answers.

Question 4

rationalism

Answer 4

nonscientific; use logic to derive truths; limitations: only valid if all premises are true

Question 5

Empiricism

Answer 5

nonscientific; knowledge is derived via direct observation; limitations: observations can be misinterpreted, experiences can be shaped by beliefs, observations can be time consuming and dangerous

Question 6

Steps of Scientific Method

Answer 6

1. Observe a behavior or phenomenon
2. Form a hypothesis
3. Use your hypothesis to generate a testable, falsifiable prediction
4. Make systematic, planned observations, including control group
5. Use the observations to support, refute, or refine the original hypothesis
6. Communicate results, undergo review by peers
7. Make a new hypothesis

Question 7

Fundamental Assumptions of Science

Answer 7

Science is real, rational, regular, discoverable, and determinable

Question 8

Real

Answer 8

Objects persist when not observed

Question 9

Rational

Answer 9

objects are understandable with logical thinking

Question 10

Regular

Answer 10

laws governing objects of study are consistent across multiple situations

Question 11

Discoverable

Answer 11

laws can be revealed using achievable means

Question 12

Determinable

Answer 12

every event has a cause

Question 13

Idealized Properties of Science

Answer 13

Science is empirical (theories evaluated on basis of evidence derived from structured, systematic observations), public, and objective (not skewed by bias)

Question 14

Inductive reasoning

Answer 14

bottom up reasoning: generally from a small set of examples to all possible examples

Question 15

Deductive reasoning

Answer 15

top down: use general statement of all possible examples to describe a small, specific example

Question 16

Hypothesis

Answer 16

Statement that describes or explains the relationship between two variables

Question 17

What makes a good hypothesis?

Answer 17

logical, testable, refutable, and positive