Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Monist Theorist

A

there is only one kind of stuff in the world

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2
Q

Materialists

A
  • only matter and that the physical universe is causally closed (does not imply that consciousness can be reduced to physical states).
  • consciousness or non-physical minds are not able to intervene in the physical world
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3
Q

Identity Theory

A

mental states are identical with physical states.

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4
Q

Functionalism

A

mental states are identical with functional states.

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5
Q

Neutral monism

A

world is made up of one type of stuff that cannot be classified as either physical or mental.

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6
Q

Panpsychism

A

view that all material things have associated awareness or mental properties; everything has a conscious (even a rock)

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7
Q

Dualist Theorist

A

there are two kinds of stuff in the world.

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8
Q

Cartesian Dualism (form of substance dualism)

A

world consists of the extended stuff in which physical bodies are made and the unextended thinking stuff of which physical bodies are made

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9
Q

Main Problem of Substance Dualism

A

does not explain how the mind interacts with the body when the two are made of different substances

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10
Q

Dualist interactionism

A

argue that the processes in the synapses of the brain are finely poised so that they can be influenced by a nonphysical thinking and feeling self (self controls the brain)

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11
Q

Epiphenomenalism

A
  • mental states are produced by physical events but have no causal role (physical events cause mental events but have no affect on physical events)
  • type of dualism
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12
Q

History of consciousness

A
  • Appeared in the 18th century to describe philosophy of mental life
  • Abolished during the rise of behaviorism
  • Re-appeared in the 1970’s but subject peaked interest in the 1990’s
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13
Q

Helmholtz (1821-1894)

A

made first measurement of the speed of conduction of nerve signals which was referred to as “velocity of thought”

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14
Q

Freud

A
  • conscious consisted of the impulses of the “id” (biological desires and needs
  • the defence mechanisms and neurotic processes of the “ego”
  • the “superego” was the source of conscience and guilt acquired through childhood experiences
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15
Q

Phenomenology

A

-based on psychology and philosophy; based on putting subjective experience first

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16
Q

Phenomenological reduction/epoche

A

-suspension of judgement

17
Q

Edmund Husserl (1859-1938)

A

-argued that by looking back on experiences you are systematically inquiring your conscious

18
Q

Franz Brentano (1838-1917)

A

onsciousness is based on the idea that every subjective experience is an act of reference.

19
Q

William Wundt

A

-father of experimental psychology
• Claimed there are two kinds of psychical elements
1) objective elements-sensations, tones, heat, light
subjective elements or feelings

According to Wundt, every conscious experience depended on a union of the two types (objective and subjective elements)

20
Q

John B. Watson

A
  • behaviorist

- often blamed for the abolishment of introspection/conscious from psychology

21
Q

Skinner

A
  • believed that human behavior is shaped by reinforcements

- believed that consciousness was an epiphenomenon and that it should not be studied by psychologists

22
Q

Easy Problem (surrounding consciousness)

A

• Problems that can be answered using science (ie. Understanding the neural mechanisms involved)

23
Q

Hard Problem

A

-question of how physical processes in the brain give rise to subjective experiences