Chapter 1-6 Midterm Flashcards
When did first homominds exist?
4 million years
When did Homo sapiens take over?
20,000 years ago
What was Homo Sapiens lifestyle?
- Nomadic
- Lived in groups of 25
- men hunted
- women took care of children
How did history start?
History starts with writing
- written documents
Did Sumerians or Egyptians believe in the afterlife?
Egyptians believe in afterlife. Sumerians didn’t.
What was the political structure of Egypt ?
- unified kingdom
- pharaohs are in charge
What was the political structure of Mesopotamia?
- City- states
- kings, power came from gods
Explain Mesopotamia geography.
- near rivers: Tigris & Euphrates
- feared floods, were unpredictable
- build fortifications
Explain Egyptian geography.
- floods were positive
- near Nile river
- natural Barriers
What were writing systems for Mesopotamia & Egypt?
Egypt- hieroglyphs on papyrus
Sumerians- Cuneiform on clay tablets
In Neolithic ages (10,000 B.C.- 4,000 B.C.) what occurred?
- became sedentary
- became food producers
- domesticate animals
- lived in bigger communities
Who invented the wheel?
Sumerians, easier to transport goods
What was the code of Hammurabi?
- “eye for an eye” law
- no prisons so punishments, usually death
- social ranks influenced punishments
Were the Pyramids created in Old kingdom, Middle Kingdom or New kingdom?
pyramids were built in Old Kingdom to preserve mummified pharaohs’ bodies
What was the result of the Hyksos encounter in Egypt in 1700 BC?
Hykos won so they imposed their military technology- capital of Egypt was moved to city of Avaris.
What started the New Kingdom period?
Ahmose I revolted against Hykos and won
What is Exodus?
- massive Hebrew Migration to escape Egypt
What was the Ten Commandments?
- set of laws
- influencial to western legal system
- punishments- stoning, banishing
What was the Delian League?
Alliance of Greek city- states led by Athens against Persia
what does Polis mean?
Greek City- state
How did Poleis negatively affect Greek Society?
it divided Greece into competitive states
Who established Athenian Democracy
Cleisthenes
What were the results of the First Persian War?
The Persians lost against the greeks at the Battle of Marathon
What lead the Second Persian War and what were the results?
- Persian King Xeres invaded Greece and Greeks won, in a naval battle
- greek became united
- formed the Delian League
Name 5 Greek gods and what they were.
- Zeus: Father of Gods
- Poseidon: God of Sea
- Athena: Goddess of Wisdom
- Apollo: God of Sun
- Aphrodite: God of Love
- Ares: God of War
Politics of Sparta vs Athens
Athens:
- Democracy, large assembly 500 freemen who were citizens , long debates, no kings
Sparta:
- Diarchy (2 kings), small assembly 30 men, short debates, ephors, council of elders
Military of Sparta vs Athens
Athens:
fortified city, good navy, not permanently mobilized
Sparta:
Permanently mobilized, no fortifications, no navy
Economy of Sparta vs Athens
Athens: Maritime commerce
Sparta: Helots (slaves) provide all the good
Status of Women in Sparta vs Athens
Sparta: had more freedom of movements, men were off to war, adultery was tolerated
Athens: no freedom of movement, must always be accompanied, poor education
Education in Sparta vs Athens
Sparta: military education
Athens: public speaking, could learn trades
What is Pederasty?
Sexual activity of a mentor and a young boy, to reinforce idea of submission to authority figures
Who were the first historians and what were their differences?
Herodotus and Thucydides, first historians
Thucydides, much closer to modern historians– he didn’t consider influence of divine forces
What disciplines are Ancient Greece known for?
- history
- practice of medicine
- philosophy
- drama
Who were the Greeks first conquered by?
Macedonia defeated them in 338 BC at Battle of Chaeronea
Who is Alexander III The great and what did he want to do?
Son of Philip of Macedonia, he wanted to defeat Persians to convince Greece he was a capable leader. He ruled over Persia, Egypt and Greece
How did Alexander come to defeat Persians?
He encountered the Persians 3 times, at the last Battle he Killed Darius (king of Persians),
In Philosophy was is the difference between Epicureans and Stoics?
Epicureans: believed gods didn’t influence the world, humans In charge of finding own happiness
Stoics: gods influenced life, best way to accept happiness= accept that gods will throw challenges
Who were the founders of Rome?
Romulus and Remus, twin brothers
What were the result of The First Punic War?
Carthaginians withdrew from Sicily and gave Corsica and and Sardinia to Rome, they also paid indemnity to Rome
What were results of The Second Punic War?
Rome imposed peace treaty: Ibernian Peninsula was under Roman Empire, Carthage payed 50 years indemnity, could only go to war with Rome’s permission, Hannibal (leader) fled Carthage and committed suicide
What were the results of The Third Punic War?
North Africa was Part of the Roman Empire, Carthage was Destroyed, Punic wars allowed Romas to conquer Greece, Greece was part of the Roman Empire.
What was the government of Rome from 509-27 BC?
A Republic
What was the first Region the Romans conquered?
Sicily
What was a paterfamilias in Roman society?
The male head of the household.
Who founded the First Great Triumvirate?
Caesar, Crassus, Pomey
Who founded the Second Great Triumvirate?
Octavian, Marc Anthony, Lepidus
What was the goal of the Triumvirate?
To rule the whole Roman Empire and to divided among the 3 of them
What ended the Roman Republic?
After Octavian killed Anthony he was the ruler of Rome, the senate truly liked him and he was renamed Augustus, the first emperor of Rome
