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History of English Language > Chapter 1-6 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-6 Flashcards

1
Q

Glottal stop (plosive)

A

Def-The blockage is made by complete closure of vocal cords.

Consonant formed by the audible release of the airstream after complete closure of the glottis.

stops with rapid releases ‘ch’ ‘t’ ‘sh’

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2
Q

Uvula

A

Small fleshy appendage to the soft palate which can be seen hanging in the back of the mouth.

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3
Q

Outflow

A

air from the lungs

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4
Q

Consonant

A

When a vowel is obstructed at any time of a speech sound

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5
Q

Fricatives

A

Narrowing of the air passage so much that the stream of air produces audible friction ‘v’ ‘f’.

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6
Q

Velum and Glottis

A

Velum-soft palate moves up or down to close or open nasal cavity

Glottis-Part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the opening between them.

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7
Q

Language

A

def-Distinguishes humans from animals a signaling system

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8
Q

Articulate

A

def-lack structure

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9
Q

Affricates

A

stops with slow releases

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10
Q

voiceless stop

A

blocking the flow of air through the mouth by pressing the two lips together, and the suddenly releasing the blockage by opening the lips. ‘Sp’ ‘Ph’

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11
Q

Diphthongs (gliders)

A

def-vocal organs remain stationary while the vowel is uttered. However diphthongs-speech organs change their positions in the course of a sound.
has two vowel sounds but only forms one syllable

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12
Q

Sonorant Consonants

A

def- is made of resonant cavities as in the vowels but there is some kind of obstruction in mouth passage. ‘m’ ‘n’ ‘ng’

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13
Q

Approximant Consonant

A

def-not quite a vowel or consonant ‘r’

A consonant in which the articulators approach one another, but not closely enough to produce a fricative of a stop.

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14
Q

Stressed and Unstressed Syllables

A

def-poetic rhythm stressed syllables more slow than unstressed syllables

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15
Q

voiceless or Breathed

A

def-Voiced vocal cords unvoiced-no vocal cords

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16
Q

Tone languages

A

def-when you change the intonation it can become a different word

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17
Q

intonation

A

def-changes in pitch during utterance

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18
Q

Vowel diagram

A

conventionalized cross-section of the mouth cavity

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19
Q

Vowel

A

voice is switched on and mouth is open
Depends on position of tongue
always voiced

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20
Q

Morpheme (bound and free)

A

Def-the smallest meaningful element in a language
bound-bound morpheme is when morpheme’s are combined like ‘re-fill’
free- does not need to be bound ‘fill’ suffixes and prefixes

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21
Q

Lexical words and Grammatical words

A

lexical-nouns, verbs, adjectives.

Grammatical- Pronouns, conjunctions, auxiliaries (must,might,would), Determiners-words that go before the noun, prepositions.

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22
Q

Phonetic transcription

Allophonic

A

An arrangement of symbols placed within brackets
park/ pa:k/
Phonetic V. Phonemic transcription
Phonetic- Phonemic transcription will one symbol
Phonemic-no limits to how many symbols

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23
Q

Analytic and Synthetic language

A

A-few bound forms mostly has one syllable morphemes of compounds

S-uses a lot of bound forms

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24
Q

Semi-Vowel

A

a glide, like a diphthong, but it does not constitute a syllable ‘y’ yes ‘w’ wet. Not stopping air, but gets closed to stopping air ‘r’.

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25
Languages
distinct dialects that have grown apart from each other/ unintelligible to other languages
26
Dialect
A language spoke by a sub group of people | includes phonological+ lexical differences+ Morphological differences
27
Analogy
process of inventing new element in conformity with some part of the language system that you already know. The changing of a word to make it plural or give tense
28
Metathesis
ease of pronunciation apparently leads us to reverse the order of two phonemes in a word
29
Haplology
when a whole syllable of vowel is dropped from a word or consonant. unemphasized syllable dropped
30
Sound laws
Changes in pronunciation of certain vowels and consonants two sound laws Grimm's law- a change in stop consonants creating shifts in how the word is pronounced Vehrner's law- When Grimm's law would create a shift and then revert back to it's original state.
31
Assimilation
Changes of a sound under the influence of a neighboring one/matter of ease due to the environment of the word
32
closed class
grammatical words and person pronouns
33
Loan word (Borrowing)
taken over bodily from one language to another
34
Combinative changes
dependent sound changes greatly complicate the task of establishing correspondences.
35
voice
when vocal cords vibrate as air passes through them
36
stop consonants
def-the flow of air form the lungs is completely blocked at some point, and the pressure built up behind the blockage; then the blockage us suddenly removed, and there is an outrush of air. 'k' 'g' 'ch'
37
Phonemes
def-Related non-contrasting sounds | Allophones-variant forms of any phoneme.
38
Prescriptive
def-rules everyone follows-meaning is achieved through consistent use of people
39
Descriptive
def-Change in language -language ideas
40
Primary and secondary language
Primary language-spoken | Secondary language-written
41
Voice and breathed V. Unvoiced
voiced-employment of vocal cords Unvoiced-no employment of vocal cords all vowels voiced 'v' is voiced 'th' unvoiced
42
Closed class words
def-grammatical class of words with limited membership-cemented
43
open class
def- A category of words that readily admits new members like from borrowings, word formation and technical innovation
44
inflection
def-a change in the form of the word typically an ending to express grammatical function or attribute such as tense, mood, person, number, case and gender. Word ending like declensions and conjugations
45
Declension
Def-, declension is the changing of the form of a word, generally to express its syntactic function in the sentence, by way of some inflection. ex 'his'. A way of categorizing nouns, pronouns, or adjectives according to the inflections they receive.
46
Dialect confluence
def-external dialect which which creates conformity
47
Dialect leveling
def- mingling of different dialects, external broader linguistics trend, we being to sound like those around us. The loss of diversity between two dialects
48
prestige
def-popular things were are acceptable among higher classes
49
Ease
def-is never a primary reason for linguistics change but it is always a change of a linguistics change.
50
Cognate
def-related group of words from different languages/has a root that doesn't change can be traced back to parent language. Something that sounds the same in two languages. Words that exists in the common ancestor of languages in which they were found.
51
Lingua Franka
main language of a region
52
Morphology
def-the smallest unit of meaning
53
Accent
def- sounds different phonologically
54
borrowing
def- stealing of words from other languages
55
I-umlaut
def-
56
Lexicalnthropology
Find terms that dominate in language and draw conclusions based on terms no word for 'boat' likely not seafaring people
57
Glottochronology
certain words within a language resistant to change.
58
Lexicostatistics
def-uses similar figures to approximate dates for periods when languages begin to diverge from one another
59
Subjective verb
doubt, uncertainty, unreality
60
Indicative verb
sign, expressing simple fact
61
strong verbs
the changing of vowel in stem to show tense Sing-Sang
62
weak verbs
The addition of an ending to show tense -ed -ing adding an inflection
63
strong nouns
64
weak nouns
65
stress
emphasis upon a syllable
66
innotation
musical pitch
67
Verner's law
voiceless fricatives became voiced if proceeding syllable was unstressed this allowed Old English to put an accent on the first syllable
68
Grimm's law
a revert back to the old way after a Verner's law is enacted
69
Etymology
def- discusses all changes which mechanisms of linguistics is responsible for the phenological change
70
Case/graduation/ablaut
def- a change of vowel in related forms or words/ systematical variation of vowels in the same root or affix or in related roots or affixes Ablaut-different morphological forms
71
Genative /datative / vocative/ accusitive/ instumentative/locative
72
axillary
def-A 'helping verb' that adds basic meaning to the main verd in a clause. ex: do, will, shall, would, should, may, could, must
73
Affixes
affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. could be beginning or ending
74
Dominative verbs (weak verb)
formed from nouns or adjectives
75
Causative verbs (Weak verb)
def- formed from past singular stems of stronger verbs
76
runes
form of English writing
77
Corpus
A collection of every single text in old English but doesn't have every translation
78
Foborc
English runic alphabet caused Latin Alphabet to be etched into ruin symbols
79
Diagraphs
def- Sequences of two symbols which represented Diphthongs ex: ea, eo, io, ie,
80
affixation
def-takes on prefixes and suffixes
81
compounding
def- combination for two words to create new meaning
82
borrowing
def-taken from another language
83
invention
def-a word created for an unnamed objected usually associative.
84
definition change
change of definition within language
85
back-formation
86
breaking or fricative affected vowels
before /I/ plus consonant, /r/ plus consonat and/h/
87
Palatal Diphthongization
def-purely a change on the location and position of vocal organs rather than a change in pronunciation.
88
Velar Umlaut
Back mutation

History of English Language (1 decks)

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