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History of English Language > Chapter 1-6 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Glottal stop (plosive)

A

Def-The blockage is made by complete closure of vocal cords.

Consonant formed by the audible release of the airstream after complete closure of the glottis.

stops with rapid releases ‘ch’ ‘t’ ‘sh’

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2
Q

Uvula

A

Small fleshy appendage to the soft palate which can be seen hanging in the back of the mouth.

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3
Q

Outflow

A

air from the lungs

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4
Q

Consonant

A

When a vowel is obstructed at any time of a speech sound

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5
Q

Fricatives

A

Narrowing of the air passage so much that the stream of air produces audible friction ‘v’ ‘f’.

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6
Q

Velum and Glottis

A

Velum-soft palate moves up or down to close or open nasal cavity

Glottis-Part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the opening between them.

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7
Q

Language

A

def-Distinguishes humans from animals a signaling system

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8
Q

Articulate

A

def-lack structure

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9
Q

Affricates

A

stops with slow releases

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10
Q

voiceless stop

A

blocking the flow of air through the mouth by pressing the two lips together, and the suddenly releasing the blockage by opening the lips. ‘Sp’ ‘Ph’

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11
Q

Diphthongs (gliders)

A

def-vocal organs remain stationary while the vowel is uttered. However diphthongs-speech organs change their positions in the course of a sound.
has two vowel sounds but only forms one syllable

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12
Q

Sonorant Consonants

A

def- is made of resonant cavities as in the vowels but there is some kind of obstruction in mouth passage. ‘m’ ‘n’ ‘ng’

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13
Q

Approximant Consonant

A

def-not quite a vowel or consonant ‘r’

A consonant in which the articulators approach one another, but not closely enough to produce a fricative of a stop.

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14
Q

Stressed and Unstressed Syllables

A

def-poetic rhythm stressed syllables more slow than unstressed syllables

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15
Q

voiceless or Breathed

A

def-Voiced vocal cords unvoiced-no vocal cords

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16
Q

Tone languages

A

def-when you change the intonation it can become a different word

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17
Q

intonation

A

def-changes in pitch during utterance

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18
Q

Vowel diagram

A

conventionalized cross-section of the mouth cavity

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19
Q

Vowel

A

voice is switched on and mouth is open
Depends on position of tongue
always voiced

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20
Q

Morpheme (bound and free)

A

Def-the smallest meaningful element in a language
bound-bound morpheme is when morpheme’s are combined like ‘re-fill’
free- does not need to be bound ‘fill’ suffixes and prefixes

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21
Q

Lexical words and Grammatical words

A

lexical-nouns, verbs, adjectives.

Grammatical- Pronouns, conjunctions, auxiliaries (must,might,would), Determiners-words that go before the noun, prepositions.

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22
Q

Phonetic transcription

Allophonic

A

An arrangement of symbols placed within brackets
park/ pa:k/
Phonetic V. Phonemic transcription
Phonetic- Phonemic transcription will one symbol
Phonemic-no limits to how many symbols

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23
Q

Analytic and Synthetic language

A

A-few bound forms mostly has one syllable morphemes of compounds

S-uses a lot of bound forms

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24
Q

Semi-Vowel

A

a glide, like a diphthong, but it does not constitute a syllable ‘y’ yes ‘w’ wet. Not stopping air, but gets closed to stopping air ‘r’.

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25
Q

Languages

A

distinct dialects that have grown apart from each other/ unintelligible to other languages

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26
Q

Dialect

A

A language spoke by a sub group of people

includes phonological+ lexical differences+ Morphological differences

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27
Q

Analogy

A

process of inventing new element in conformity with some part of the language system that you already know.

The changing of a word to make it plural or give tense

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28
Q

Metathesis

A

ease of pronunciation apparently leads us to reverse the order of two phonemes in a word

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29
Q

Haplology

A

when a whole syllable of vowel is dropped from a word or consonant. unemphasized syllable dropped

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30
Q

Sound laws

A

Changes in pronunciation of certain vowels and consonants
two sound laws
Grimm’s law- a change in stop consonants creating shifts in how the word is pronounced
Vehrner’s law- When Grimm’s law would create a shift and then revert back to it’s original state.

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31
Q

Assimilation

A

Changes of a sound under the influence of a neighboring one/matter of ease due to the environment of the word

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32
Q

closed class

A

grammatical words and person pronouns

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33
Q

Loan word (Borrowing)

A

taken over bodily from one language to another

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34
Q

Combinative changes

A

dependent sound changes greatly complicate the task of establishing correspondences.

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35
Q

voice

A

when vocal cords vibrate as air passes through them

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36
Q

stop consonants

A

def-the flow of air form the lungs is completely blocked at some point, and the pressure built up behind the blockage; then the blockage us suddenly removed, and there is an outrush of air. ‘k’ ‘g’ ‘ch’

37
Q

Phonemes

A

def-Related non-contrasting sounds

Allophones-variant forms of any phoneme.

38
Q

Prescriptive

A

def-rules everyone follows-meaning is achieved through consistent use of people

39
Q

Descriptive

A

def-Change in language -language ideas

40
Q

Primary and secondary language

A

Primary language-spoken

Secondary language-written

41
Q

Voice and breathed V. Unvoiced

A

voiced-employment of vocal cords
Unvoiced-no employment of vocal cords
all vowels voiced ‘v’ is voiced ‘th’ unvoiced

42
Q

Closed class words

A

def-grammatical class of words with limited membership-cemented

43
Q

open class

A

def- A category of words that readily admits new members like from borrowings, word formation and technical innovation

44
Q

inflection

A

def-a change in the form of the word typically an ending to express grammatical function or attribute such as tense, mood, person, number, case and gender. Word ending like declensions and conjugations

45
Q

Declension

A

Def-, declension is the changing of the form of a word, generally to express its syntactic function in the sentence, by way of some inflection. ex ‘his’. A way of categorizing nouns, pronouns, or adjectives according to the inflections they receive.

46
Q

Dialect confluence

A

def-external dialect which which creates conformity

47
Q

Dialect leveling

A

def- mingling of different dialects, external broader linguistics trend, we being to sound like those around us. The loss of diversity between two dialects

48
Q

prestige

A

def-popular things were are acceptable among higher classes

49
Q

Ease

A

def-is never a primary reason for linguistics change but it is always a change of a linguistics change.

50
Q

Cognate

A

def-related group of words from different languages/has a root that doesn’t change can be traced back to parent language. Something that sounds the same in two languages. Words that exists in the common ancestor of languages in which they were found.

51
Q

Lingua Franka

A

main language of a region

52
Q

Morphology

A

def-the smallest unit of meaning

53
Q

Accent

A

def- sounds different phonologically

54
Q

borrowing

A

def- stealing of words from other languages

55
Q

I-umlaut

A

def-

56
Q

Lexicalnthropology

A

Find terms that dominate in language and draw conclusions based on terms no word for ‘boat’ likely not seafaring people

57
Q

Glottochronology

A

certain words within a language resistant to change.

58
Q

Lexicostatistics

A

def-uses similar figures to approximate dates for periods when languages begin to diverge from one another

59
Q

Subjective verb

A

doubt, uncertainty, unreality

60
Q

Indicative verb

A

sign, expressing simple fact

61
Q

strong verbs

A

the changing of vowel in stem to show tense Sing-Sang

62
Q

weak verbs

A

The addition of an ending to show tense -ed -ing adding an inflection

63
Q

strong nouns

A
64
Q

weak nouns

A
65
Q

stress

A

emphasis upon a syllable

66
Q

innotation

A

musical pitch

67
Q

Verner’s law

A

voiceless fricatives became voiced if proceeding syllable was unstressed this allowed Old English to put an accent on the first syllable

68
Q

Grimm’s law

A

a revert back to the old way after a Verner’s law is enacted

69
Q

Etymology

A

def- discusses all changes which mechanisms of linguistics is responsible for the phenological change

70
Q

Case/graduation/ablaut

A

def- a change of vowel in related forms or words/ systematical variation of vowels in the same root or affix or in related roots or affixes
Ablaut-different morphological forms

71
Q

Genative /datative / vocative/ accusitive/ instumentative/locative

A
72
Q

axillary

A

def-A ‘helping verb’ that adds basic meaning to the main verd in a clause. ex: do, will, shall, would, should, may, could, must

73
Q

Affixes

A

affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. could be beginning or ending

74
Q

Dominative verbs (weak verb)

A

formed from nouns or adjectives

75
Q

Causative verbs (Weak verb)

A

def- formed from past singular stems of stronger verbs

76
Q

runes

A

form of English writing

77
Q

Corpus

A

A collection of every single text in old English but doesn’t have every translation

78
Q

Foborc

A

English runic alphabet caused Latin Alphabet to be etched into ruin symbols

79
Q

Diagraphs

A

def- Sequences of two symbols which represented Diphthongs ex: ea, eo, io, ie,

80
Q

affixation

A

def-takes on prefixes and suffixes

81
Q

compounding

A

def- combination for two words to create new meaning

82
Q

borrowing

A

def-taken from another language

83
Q

invention

A

def-a word created for an unnamed objected usually associative.

84
Q

definition change

A

change of definition within language

85
Q

back-formation

A
86
Q

breaking or fricative affected vowels

A

before /I/ plus consonant, /r/ plus consonat and/h/

87
Q

Palatal Diphthongization

A

def-purely a change on the location and position of vocal organs rather than a change in pronunciation.

88
Q

Velar Umlaut

A

Back mutation

History of English Language (1 decks)

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