Chapter 1 Flashcards
What are the 5 main limiting factors to achieving optimal health?
- Genetics
- Physical activity patterns
- Physiology
- Mindset/Psychology
- Nutrition
Define “Metabolic”
Pertaining to the chemical reactions and physiological processes necessary to ensure life
Define “Law of Thermodynamics”
Principles that govern energy exchange, including heat exchange and the performance of work
Define “Insulin Resistance”
Condition in which normal amounts of the hormone insulin are inadequate to produce normal response from fat, muscle, and liver cells
Define “Ergogenic”
Physical or mental performance-enhancing strategies
Define “Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT)”
Nutritional advice intended to treat a variety of conditions and illnesses, the provision of which is the exclusive domain of trained and licensed nutrition professionals
Define “Metabolism”
Sum of reactions that take place to build up and break down the body
Define “homeostasis”
The body’s ability to maintain a stable and constant internal condition
Define “Protein”
Large and complex molecule consisting of amino acids (which contain nitrogen) that are essential for living cells
Define “Pathogen”
Disease-causing agent; usually bacteria, virus, or fungi
What is the Integumentary System?
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and other external structures. This system protects the body from external damage.
What is the Skeletal System?
Bones, tendons, ligaments, and other structures. This system supports the body by providing a rigid structure capable of resistance and movement.
What is the Muscular System?
Skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, and smooth muscles. These muscles are part of your arteries and veins, bladder, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and more. They produce movement, whether it’s to move you across the room, to move your blood through your vessels, or to move food through your intestines.
What is the Nervous System?
Brain as well as nervous tissues. It is responsible for electrochemical cellular communication and sends signals that trigger thought, movement, voluntary and involuntary activity
What is the Endocrine System?
Your hormonal organs and glands, including the hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, adrenal gland, testes, ovaries, and more. This system is responsible for chemical cellular communication within the body
What is the circulatory system?
Heart, blood, and blood vessels. This system transports hormones, enzymes, nutrients, and other chemicals throughout the body
What is the immune system?
Thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and other similar organs. This system protects against pathogens, tumor cells, and other foreign invaders
What is the respiratory system?
Nasal cavity, trachea, lungs, and other airways and has exchange organs. This system excretes carbon dioxide and brings in oxygen
What is the digestive system?
Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and the organs associated with digestion including liver, gallbladder, pancreas, etc. this system breaks down and absorbs nutrients from food and drink
What is the urinary system?
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and related organs and glands. This system produces, stores, and eliminates urine
What is the reproductive system?
Sex organs and glands. This system is responsible for human reproduction
Define “epithelial tissue”
Tissue composed of cellular layers that protect outer surfaces of the human body such as skin, mucosa, and intestinal lining
Define “organelle”
Component of the cell that is responsible for a specific task
Define “cytoplasm”
Fluid medium inside of the cell, but outside of the nucleus, that surrounds organelles
Define “phytochemical”
Chemical substance obtained from plants that is biologically active but non-nutritive
Define “co-factor”
Non-protein compound that interacts with another substance to facilitate a transformation
Define “hormones”
Compound created by one cell that travels to and stimulates another cell
Define”genetic polymorphism”
Variation in the form of one or a sequence of genes
Define “DNA”
Nucleic acids that contain instructions for heredity
Define “nutrigenomics”
Study of how genes respond to nutritional intake
Define “gene”
Particular sequence in DNA or RNA that controls the expression of a protein, and by extension influences the characteristics of an organism
Define “nucleus”
Organelle where genetic material is housed
Define “Plasma Membrane”
Lipid bilayer that is permeable to certain compounds that contains the cell
Define “lipid”
Organic substance that is insoluble in water; provides structure, storage, and messenger functions in the body
Define “cholesterol”
Lipid sterol contained in the body’s cells and fluids that acts as a precursor to hormones and bodily structures
Define “phospholipids”
Type of lipid with a hydrophilic phosphate group “head” and hydrophobic fatty acid “tail” that forms cell membranes
Define “cytosol”
Internal fluid portion of the cell
Define “mitochondria”
Organelles that supply the cells’ energy/ATP
Define “oxidize”
To combine with oxygen
Define “Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)”
Adenosine molecule with three phosphate groups that supplies energy for the cell
Define “Cristae”
Internal compartments of the mitochondria
Define “reactive oxygen species (ROS)”
Various substances formed as a byproduct of metabolism that are highly reactive due to the unpaired electron shell
Define “Free radical”
Reactive atom with one or more electrons
Define “chromosomes”
Organized structure of DNA, found within cells, that contains the genes of an organism
Define “transcription”
Construction of mRNA from a DNA molecule
Define “translation”
Forming a protein molecule based on the information contained in the mRNA
Define “endoplasmic reticulum”
Cytoplasmic membrane that translates proteins
Define “golgi apparatus”
Cytoplasmic organelle necessary for the modification and transport of proteins
Define “ribosome”
A complex rich in RNA and protein found in cells
Define “glycoproteins”
Protein that contains a carbohydrate group, involved in membrane integrity
Define “ribonucleic acids (RNA)”
Various nucleic acids on a single strand containing ribose and uracil, necessary for the control of cell activities
Define “cisternae”
Flattened membrane disc of Golgi apparatus
Define “vesicle”
Fluid filled pouch/sac that can transport and store compounds
Define “Lysosome”
Organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes
Define “peroxisome”
Cytoplasmic organelle with enzymes that help with the breakdown of fatty acids and other macromolecules
Define “receptor-ligand binding complex”
A complex formed between a receptor and a substance to allow for further cellular activity
Define “signal transduction”
Conversion of one signal to another by a cell
Define “second messenger”
Substance that mediates intracellular activity by relaying a signal from an extra cellular molecule
Define “ligand”
Any substance that binds specifically and reversible to another chemical entity to form a larger complex
Define “Transport protein”
Protein that moves compounds across a membrane
Define “facilitated diffusion”
Transport that requires a carrier molecule; occurs when diffusion of a substance on its own is not possible
Define “active transport”
Movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration; requires energy and enzymes
Define “substrate”
Substance acted upon by an enzyme
Define “co-enzyme”
Non-protein compound that forms the active portion of an enzyme system
Define “catalyze”
Initiate or increase the rate of chemical reaction
