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Precision Nutrition > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 main limiting factors to achieving optimal health?

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Physical activity patterns
  3. Physiology
  4. Mindset/Psychology
  5. Nutrition
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2
Q

Define “Metabolic”

A

Pertaining to the chemical reactions and physiological processes necessary to ensure life

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3
Q

Define “Law of Thermodynamics”

A

Principles that govern energy exchange, including heat exchange and the performance of work

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4
Q

Define “Insulin Resistance”

A

Condition in which normal amounts of the hormone insulin are inadequate to produce normal response from fat, muscle, and liver cells

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5
Q

Define “Ergogenic”

A

Physical or mental performance-enhancing strategies

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6
Q

Define “Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT)”

A

Nutritional advice intended to treat a variety of conditions and illnesses, the provision of which is the exclusive domain of trained and licensed nutrition professionals

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7
Q

Define “Metabolism”

A

Sum of reactions that take place to build up and break down the body

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8
Q

Define “homeostasis”

A

The body’s ability to maintain a stable and constant internal condition

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9
Q

Define “Protein”

A

Large and complex molecule consisting of amino acids (which contain nitrogen) that are essential for living cells

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10
Q

Define “Pathogen”

A

Disease-causing agent; usually bacteria, virus, or fungi

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11
Q

What is the Integumentary System?

A

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and other external structures. This system protects the body from external damage.

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12
Q

What is the Skeletal System?

A

Bones, tendons, ligaments, and other structures. This system supports the body by providing a rigid structure capable of resistance and movement.

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13
Q

What is the Muscular System?

A

Skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, and smooth muscles. These muscles are part of your arteries and veins, bladder, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and more. They produce movement, whether it’s to move you across the room, to move your blood through your vessels, or to move food through your intestines.

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14
Q

What is the Nervous System?

A

Brain as well as nervous tissues. It is responsible for electrochemical cellular communication and sends signals that trigger thought, movement, voluntary and involuntary activity

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15
Q

What is the Endocrine System?

A

Your hormonal organs and glands, including the hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, adrenal gland, testes, ovaries, and more. This system is responsible for chemical cellular communication within the body

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16
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

Heart, blood, and blood vessels. This system transports hormones, enzymes, nutrients, and other chemicals throughout the body

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17
Q

What is the immune system?

A

Thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and other similar organs. This system protects against pathogens, tumor cells, and other foreign invaders

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18
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A

Nasal cavity, trachea, lungs, and other airways and has exchange organs. This system excretes carbon dioxide and brings in oxygen

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19
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and the organs associated with digestion including liver, gallbladder, pancreas, etc. this system breaks down and absorbs nutrients from food and drink

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20
Q

What is the urinary system?

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and related organs and glands. This system produces, stores, and eliminates urine

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21
Q

What is the reproductive system?

A

Sex organs and glands. This system is responsible for human reproduction

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22
Q

Define “epithelial tissue”

A

Tissue composed of cellular layers that protect outer surfaces of the human body such as skin, mucosa, and intestinal lining

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23
Q

Define “organelle”

A

Component of the cell that is responsible for a specific task

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24
Q

Define “cytoplasm”

A

Fluid medium inside of the cell, but outside of the nucleus, that surrounds organelles

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25
Q

Define “phytochemical”

A

Chemical substance obtained from plants that is biologically active but non-nutritive

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26
Q

Define “co-factor”

A

Non-protein compound that interacts with another substance to facilitate a transformation

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27
Q

Define “hormones”

A

Compound created by one cell that travels to and stimulates another cell

28
Q

Define”genetic polymorphism”

A

Variation in the form of one or a sequence of genes

29
Q

Define “DNA”

A

Nucleic acids that contain instructions for heredity

30
Q

Define “nutrigenomics”

A

Study of how genes respond to nutritional intake

31
Q

Define “gene”

A

Particular sequence in DNA or RNA that controls the expression of a protein, and by extension influences the characteristics of an organism

32
Q

Define “nucleus”

A

Organelle where genetic material is housed

33
Q

Define “Plasma Membrane”

A

Lipid bilayer that is permeable to certain compounds that contains the cell

34
Q

Define “lipid”

A

Organic substance that is insoluble in water; provides structure, storage, and messenger functions in the body

35
Q

Define “cholesterol”

A

Lipid sterol contained in the body’s cells and fluids that acts as a precursor to hormones and bodily structures

36
Q

Define “phospholipids”

A

Type of lipid with a hydrophilic phosphate group “head” and hydrophobic fatty acid “tail” that forms cell membranes

37
Q

Define “cytosol”

A

Internal fluid portion of the cell

38
Q

Define “mitochondria”

A

Organelles that supply the cells’ energy/ATP

39
Q

Define “oxidize”

A

To combine with oxygen

40
Q

Define “Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)”

A

Adenosine molecule with three phosphate groups that supplies energy for the cell

41
Q

Define “Cristae”

A

Internal compartments of the mitochondria

42
Q

Define “reactive oxygen species (ROS)”

A

Various substances formed as a byproduct of metabolism that are highly reactive due to the unpaired electron shell

43
Q

Define “Free radical”

A

Reactive atom with one or more electrons

44
Q

Define “chromosomes”

A

Organized structure of DNA, found within cells, that contains the genes of an organism

45
Q

Define “transcription”

A

Construction of mRNA from a DNA molecule

46
Q

Define “translation”

A

Forming a protein molecule based on the information contained in the mRNA

47
Q

Define “endoplasmic reticulum”

A

Cytoplasmic membrane that translates proteins

48
Q

Define “golgi apparatus”

A

Cytoplasmic organelle necessary for the modification and transport of proteins

49
Q

Define “ribosome”

A

A complex rich in RNA and protein found in cells

50
Q

Define “glycoproteins”

A

Protein that contains a carbohydrate group, involved in membrane integrity

51
Q

Define “ribonucleic acids (RNA)”

A

Various nucleic acids on a single strand containing ribose and uracil, necessary for the control of cell activities

52
Q

Define “cisternae”

A

Flattened membrane disc of Golgi apparatus

53
Q

Define “vesicle”

A

Fluid filled pouch/sac that can transport and store compounds

54
Q

Define “Lysosome”

A

Organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes

55
Q

Define “peroxisome”

A

Cytoplasmic organelle with enzymes that help with the breakdown of fatty acids and other macromolecules

56
Q

Define “receptor-ligand binding complex”

A

A complex formed between a receptor and a substance to allow for further cellular activity

57
Q

Define “signal transduction”

A

Conversion of one signal to another by a cell

58
Q

Define “second messenger”

A

Substance that mediates intracellular activity by relaying a signal from an extra cellular molecule

59
Q

Define “ligand”

A

Any substance that binds specifically and reversible to another chemical entity to form a larger complex

60
Q

Define “Transport protein”

A

Protein that moves compounds across a membrane

61
Q

Define “facilitated diffusion”

A

Transport that requires a carrier molecule; occurs when diffusion of a substance on its own is not possible

62
Q

Define “active transport”

A

Movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration; requires energy and enzymes

63
Q

Define “substrate”

A

Substance acted upon by an enzyme

64
Q

Define “co-enzyme”

A

Non-protein compound that forms the active portion of an enzyme system

65
Q

Define “catalyze”

A

Initiate or increase the rate of chemical reaction

Precision Nutrition (2 decks)

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