Chapter 1 Flashcards
Hypothesis
A statement that focus on the possible relationship between variables, expressed in a way that promote testing the statement through systematic observation
Variable
Part or aspect of reality that can be seen to change or vary
Independent variable
A variable identified in a hypothesis is one that as it changes leads to changes in another variable , the dependent variable
Depends variable
The variable that is assumed to depends on or be caused by another variable the independent variable in a hypothesis
Unobtrusive measurement
Uses the physical evidence or trace left behind by human activity. Archeology, physical, anthropology, history
Why use unobtrusive measurement
Résults aren't skewed Sometimes we have to. Children Gangs What's a good way to study gang activity in a neighbourhood
Content analysis
Def: the systematic examination of communication or messages
Usually observes the media
Quantitative
Qualitative
Coding systems
Def: a set of rules that tells you how to distinguish the contents from the medium
Observation
A technique in which one follows explicitly formulated rules for the observation, categorization and recording behaviour
Antro, socio
Observation
Positive vs negative
Positive
See reality: what people say vs what they do
Negative
- crime, sex , déviance
- small samples
Types of observation
Non participant observation Participants observation (ethnography)
Non participant observation
Observer does not takes part in activity
Shows behaviour but it doesn’t reveal the meaning
Hawthorns effect
Participant observation
You become a full-fledged participants In the group you observe
Join army boot camp for 3 months
Varieties of files research
Gangs , hookers , cults , sports fan , work place , bars , hospitals, schools, jails, shopping mall
Historical method
The process of critically examining the (mainly written) records of the past
Primary secondary tertiary
Primary
A usually written source that has not been altered by its authors
Secondary
When a scholar writes a synthesized account of history based on primary sources and other secondary sources
Tertiary
An index or condensation of primary and secondary source
Problems with primary sources
Often put down by elite Fraction of what once existed Be careful not to impose modern ideas/beliefs Locating them is time consuming Travel
Problèmes with secondary sources
Historians
Often are not objective
Bias
Look 100s documents to only use a few
Basic values of research
Objectivity
No Bias
Empirical verification
Facts
Collectivism
Builds on previous research and lays ground for futur work
Transparency
Clear open and honest
Step in research process
7
Choose a topic Review the literature Formulate the problem Organize research design Analyse data Communicate to other
Part of a journal article 6
Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References
Abstract
Overview 100-200 word of article with Research questions Hypothesis Methodology Results Discussion
