Chapter 1

Question 1

Hypothesis

Answer 1

A statement that focus on the possible relationship between variables, expressed in a way that promote testing the statement through systematic observation

Question 2

Variable

Answer 2

Part or aspect of reality that can be seen to change or vary

Question 3

Independent variable

Answer 3

A variable identified in a hypothesis is one that as it changes leads to changes in another variable , the dependent variable

Question 4

Depends variable

Answer 4

The variable that is assumed to depends on or be caused by another variable the independent variable in a hypothesis

Question 5

Unobtrusive measurement

Answer 5

Uses the physical evidence or trace left behind by human activity. Archeology, physical, anthropology, history

Question 6

Why use unobtrusive measurement

Answer 6

Résults aren't skewed 
Sometimes we have to.
Children 
Gangs 
What's a good way to study gang activity in a neighbourhood

Question 7

Content analysis

Answer 7

Def: the systematic examination of communication or messages

Usually observes the media
Quantitative
Qualitative

Question 8

Coding systems

Answer 8

Def: a set of rules that tells you how to distinguish the contents from the medium

Question 9

Observation

Answer 9

A technique in which one follows explicitly formulated rules for the observation, categorization and recording behaviour
Antro, socio

Question 10

Observation

Positive vs negative

Answer 10

Positive
See reality: what people say vs what they do

Negative

• crime, sex , déviance
• small samples

Question 11

Types of observation

Answer 11

Non participant observation 
Participants observation (ethnography)

Question 12

Non participant observation

Answer 12

Observer does not takes part in activity
Shows behaviour but it doesn’t reveal the meaning
Hawthorns effect

Question 13

Participant observation

Answer 13

You become a full-fledged participants In the group you observe
Join army boot camp for 3 months

Question 14

Varieties of files research

Answer 14

Gangs , hookers , cults , sports fan , work place , bars , hospitals, schools, jails, shopping mall

Question 15

Historical method

Answer 15

The process of critically examining the (mainly written) records of the past

Primary secondary tertiary

Question 16

Primary

Answer 16

A usually written source that has not been altered by its authors

Question 17

Secondary

Answer 17

When a scholar writes a synthesized account of history based on primary sources and other secondary sources

Question 18

Tertiary

Answer 18

An index or condensation of primary and secondary source

Question 19

Problems with primary sources

Answer 19

Often put down by elite 
Fraction of what once existed 
Be careful not to impose modern ideas/beliefs 
Locating them is time consuming 
Travel

Question 20

Problèmes with secondary sources

Answer 20

Historians
Often are not objective
Bias
Look 100s documents to only use a few

Question 21

Basic values of research

Answer 21

Objectivity
No Bias

Empirical verification
Facts

Collectivism
Builds on previous research and lays ground for futur work

Transparency
Clear open and honest

Question 22

Step in research process

7

Answer 22

Choose a topic 
Review the literature 
Formulate the problem 
Organize research design 
Analyse data 
Communicate to other

Question 23

Part of a journal article 6

Answer 23

Abstract 
Introduction 
Methods
Results
Discussion 
References

Question 24

Abstract

Answer 24

Overview 100-200 word of article with 
  Research questions 
  Hypothesis 
  Methodology 
  Results 
  Discussion

Question 25

Introduction

Answer 25

Contains info to understand the purpose of the research
Preview how research was conducted
Discuss other authors ideas
Presents their own

Question 26

Méthode

Answer 26

For those who want to redo your research

  Participants 
    Who took part 
  Material and apparatus 
    How you can carry out the study 
  Procedure 
    What occurred during the research session

Question 27

Results

Answer 27

Data analysis

Figures and tables and charts of needed

Question 28

Discussion

Answer 28

This provides closure to projects
The authors tell you what the project means
Why did things happens the way they did