Chapter 1 Flashcards
What are the Six steps of the Scientific Method Cycle?
Question/Lit review
Testable hypothesis
Research design
Data Collection/Analysis
Publication
Theory development
What is the definition of Psychology?
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
What is critical thinking?
4 things
The process of objectively
EVALUATING
COMPARING
ANALYZING
SYTHESIZING
information
What are phychology’s 4 main goals?
Description
What is the nature of the behavior or mental process?
Explanation
Why does this behavior or mental process occur?
Prediction
When will this behavior or mental process occur?
Change
How can we CHANGE this behavior or mental process?
What is the Psychoanalytic perspective?
Who is the theorist
Believes that the unconcious contains thoughts, memories and desires that are outside awareness yet still influential.
Sigmund Fueud
What is the Psychodynamic perspective?
Who is the theroist
Explores uncouncious dynamics, internal motives, conflicts, and past experiences. Specifically in early childhood
Sigmund Freud
What is the behavioral perspective?
Who is the theroist?
Emphasises objectible observable enviormental influences on overnt behavior.
John B Watson
B. F. Skinner
What is the Cognitive perspective?
Who is the theroist?
Focuses on thinking, percieving, problem solving, memory,
language, & information processing.
Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck
What is the Biological perspective?
Who is the theroist?
Focuses on genitics and other biological processes in the brain and nervous system
Skinner, Bandura and Walter Mischel
What is the Biopsychosocial model
This unifying and integrative model views
biological processes
psychological factors
and social forces
as interrelated influences that interact with the seven major perspectives
What is the Sociocultural perspective?
Focus is on the social interactions and culteral determants of behavior and mental processes.
Ethnic origin, occupation,and socio-economic class have a HUGE impact on behavior and mental processes
What is the Humanistic perspective?
Who is the Theorist?
Free will, self-actualization, & a positive, growth-seeking human nature
Rogers & Maslow
What is positive Psychology?
The study of optimal human functioning
Happiness, Strengths, and Virtues
flow, optimism, resilience, courage, virtues, energy, flourishing, strengths, happiness, curiosity, meaning, subjective well-being, forgiveness, and even joy
Emphasizes Positive emotions - Traits - Institutions
What is the Evolutionary perspective?
Natural selection, adaptation, & evolution
What is nature vs nurture?
is the scientific, cultural, and philosophical debate about whether human culture, behavior, and personality are caused primarily by nature or nurture.
What is basic Research?
- Research conducted to advance scientific knowledge
- Meets the goals of describe, explain and predict
Usually happens in labs and universities
What is applied research ?
- Research designed to solve practical problems
- Meets the goal of change
Usually happens outside the lab and is used in the real world
What are independent and dependent Variables?
Independent Dependent
(Factor that is manipulateed (Factor that is measured)
Cause Effect
Before After
Input Output
If Then
What you do What happens
What are the three major research methods?
Descriptive research:
The researcher observes and records behavior and mental processes without manipulating variables (without producing causal explanations)
Correlational research:
In which variables are observed or measured (but not directly manipulated) to identify relationships between them
Experimental research:
Is a carefully controlled scientific procedure that involves the manipulation of variables to determine cause and effect
Hypothesis
a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation
Theory
a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained
Operationally defined
An operational definition is a result of the process of operationalization and is used to define something (e.g. a variable, term, or object) in terms of a process (or set of validation tests) needed to determine its existence, duration, and quantity
An operational definition of a variable describes:
What is observed.
What is measured.
These definitions are written quantitatively using:
length, width, height, etc.
time
distance
temperature
numerical value of something
Informed Concent
permission granted in the knowledge of the possible consequences, typically that which is given by a patient to a doctor for treatment with full knowledge of the possible risks and benefits.
Ethnocentrisism
evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture
