Chapter 1

Question 1

When Tara saw the lush green lawn, it reminded her of just how dry
the lawn had been the previous year. Among the four laws of association,
this is best described as an example of the law of____ .

Answer 1

Contrast

Question 2

Deanna often gets lost when she drives around the city that she lives in.
Tolman would say that she has a faulty ______.

Answer 2

Cognitive Map

Question 3

When Janelle first saw a video of the pop singer Britney Spears, she
immediately thought back to an old video she had seen of Paula
Abdul, because the two performers seemed to have a common style of
performance. Among the four laws of association, this is best described
as an example of the law of _______

Answer 3

Similarity

Question 4

Jordan once became terribly ill while visiting Chicago. As a result,
whenever he visits Chicago, he thinks of the illness he suffered at that
time. Among the four laws of association, this is best described as an
example of the law of _________

Answer 4

Contiguity

Question 5

After struggling unsuccessfully to completely eliminate his test anxiety,
Andres finally accepts that there are some aspects of himself that he can
control and some that he cannot. This conclusion is similar to that of
the French philosopher _______ and his theory of ________dualism.

Answer 5

French philosopher Descartes and his theory of Mind-Body dualism.

Question 6

In trying to understand her feelings for Juan, Alisha pays close attention
to the sensations she feels each time she sees him. This is an example of
the method of ______. This was a favorite method of research by
psychologists who adhered to the approach known as ______.

Answer 6

Method of instrospection

Approach known as structuralism

Question 7

Hull’s theory is a (molar/molecular) type of theory,

whereas Tolman’s theory is a ____ type.

Answer 7

Hull - molecular

Tolman - molar

Question 8

When Anastasia once visited Vancouver, it rained every day for a month.
As a result, whenever she is trapped in a rainstorm, it reminds her of her
trip to Vancouver. Among the four laws of association, this is best
described as an example of the law of ________

Answer 8

Frequency

Question 9

The law of _____ is the proposition that simpler explanations
are usually preferable explanations

Answer 9

Parsimony

Question 10

“My cat never gets lost. It’s like she has a blueprint in her mind of the
exact layout of the entire town.” This statement fits best with (name
the behaviorist) _______’s brand of behaviorism, known
as ______.

Answer 10

Tolman’s

Known as cognitive/purposive behaviorism

Question 11

“Babies know nothing,” Kristie pronounced when her sister commented
on how intelligent her new baby seemed to be. Kristie obviously
believes that the mind of a newborn is a ______ slate (or, in
Latin, _______), a notion that was promoted by a group of
philosophers known as the ________.

Answer 11

Blank slate
Tabula rasa
Empiricists

Question 12

Although Roberta just sits there throughout the lecture, she can afterward
repeat everything the professor said. This is an example
of _____ learning, which illustrates the distinction between
learning and ________.

Answer 12

latent learning

distinction between learning and performance

Question 13

Ava tells her friend Trish that she believes that her husband kept yawning during their anniversary dinner because he was subconsciously
trying to punish her for having become pregnant. Trish tells Ava to quit being paranoid and that he was probably just tired. Conway Lloyd Morgan would have leaned toward accepting (Ava/Trish)’s explanation as more likely correct.

Answer 13

Trish (parsimony)

Question 14

Recall the opening vignette to the chapter where, after making love, one
behaviorist comments, “That was fine for you, how was it for me?” This
joke is most descriptive of which school of behaviorism?

Answer 14

Methodological behaviorism

Question 15

Shira emphasizes environmental explanations for behavior and believes
that thoughts and feelings should be regarded as private behaviors that also need to be explained.

As such, she is most likely a _____ behaviorist.

To the extent that Shira also conducts research into basic
principles of behavior, she can be called a(n) ______.

To the extent that she applies such principles to developing better methods for
coaching basketball, she can be called a(n) ______.

Answer 15

Radical
Behavior analyst
Applied behavior analyst

Question 16

Aristotle was a(n) (nativist/empiricist) , whereas Plato
was a(n) \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 16

Aristotle - nativist

Plato - empiricist

Question 17

Learning is a relatively _____ change in behavior that results from some type of ________.

Answer 17

permanent change resulting from some type of experience

Question 18

When I haven’t eaten for several hours, I feel a strong sense of hunger
and therefore walk quickly as I head to the cafeteria. This statement fits
best with (name the behaviorist) _______’s brand of behaviorism,
known as _______.

Answer 18

Hull’s neobehaviorism (notice the attention to the intervening variable)

Question 19

Neal was recently stung by a wasp and is now quite fearful of wasps.
This is best seen as an example of _______ conditioning.

Answer 19

classical

Question 20

John’s therapist tells him that, although she cares about what he feels, she is more interested in what he did and in the circumstances that
affected both his behavior and his feelings. This therapist’s approach
fits best with _____’s brand of behaviorism, known
as _____.

Answer 20

Skinner’s radical behaviorism

Question 21

Descartes believed that the behavior of (animals/humans/both)
is entirely reflexive.

Answer 21

animals

Question 22

Mandy found a five-dollar bill when she took out the trash one day. As
a result, she now often volunteers to take out the trash. This is an example
of _____ conditioning.

Answer 22

operant

Question 23

A middleman in a business transaction is analogous to what Tolman and
Hull referred to as a(n) _______ variable.

Answer 23

intervening

Question 24

As originally defined by Watson, behaviorism is a ______
approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of _______
influences ______ on behavior.

Answer 24

behaviorism is a natural science

emphasizes the study of environmental influences on observable behavior

Question 25

After Jasmine saw her sister talk back to the sassy kid next door, she
herself did likewise. This is an example of ______ learning.

Answer 25

observational

Question 26

Learning how to swing a bat by watching others is an example of
(observable/ observational) learning. Actually swinging
the bat is an example of (observable/observational)
behavior.

Answer 26

observational learning

observable behavior

Question 27

Ally’s therapist tells her that he doesn’t care what she thinks and feels; he is
concerned only about what she did and about the circumstances that
affected her behavior. This therapist’s approach fits best with (name the
behaviorist) ________’s brand of behaviorism, known
as _________.

Answer 27

Watson’s methodological behaviorism

Question 28

In considering the process of dreaming, a researcher who followed the approach to psychology known as ______ would have been
most concerned with understanding how dreaming facilitates our ability
to adapt to the world around us.

Answer 28

functionalism

Question 29

Lynne persists in teaching her daughter music despite the insistence of
her husband that the child “was born tone deaf.” Which of these two
has an attitude most similar to that of a behaviorist? __________

Answer 29

Lynne

Question 30

Sal claims that the neglect he suffered as a child resulted in low self-esteem,
which in turn resulted in his long history of criminal activity.
His parole officer tells him that such an explanation is too simplistic,
that it ignores the complex manner in which the various facets of
life interact with each other, and that Sal needs to acknowledge that
his own attitude played a role in creating his difficulties. Among the
theorists in this chapter, the one who would most appreciate this
statement is ________, because it agrees with his concept
of ________ determinism.

Answer 30

Bandura’s reciprocal determinism

Question 31

“Great musicians are born, not made” is an example of the (nativist/empiricist) perspective on behavior, and “practice
makes perfect” is an example of the ________ perspective.

Answer 31

nativist

empiricist

Question 32

(Hull/Watson/both) assumed that behavior consists of a
long chain of specific stimulus-response connections. This approach is
known as a(n) _______ theory of behavior.

Answer 32

both assumed

S-R theory

Question 33

William James was a (structuralist/functionalist) , and

Titchener was a ________ .

Answer 33

William James - functionalist

Titchener - structuralist

Question 34

The defining characteristic of behaviorism, as originally proposed by
Watson, is the emphasis on _______ behavior

Answer 34

observable

Question 35

Removing the television set from your room so you won’t be distracted
while studying each evening is an example of what Skinner
called _________.

Answer 35

countercontrol

Question 36

Skinner’s approach to the study of behavior is a (molar/molecular) ______
approach. In this sense, Skinner is quite similar to
(Watson/Tolman/Hull) _________.

Answer 36

molar

tolman