chapter 1 Flashcards
the study of the structure of the body parts and their relationships to one another.
Anatomy
what are the types of anatomy?
- gross or microscopic
- microscopic
- Developmental
Anatomy= the study of the ____ of the body parts and their____ to one another.
Structure, relationship
the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery.
Physiology
the branch of anatomy that deals with the structure of organs and tissues that are visible to the naked eye.
Gross anatomy
name the types of gross anatomy
- regional
- Systemic
- surface
all the structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen)
regional
gross anatomy of the body studied by system?
systemic
study of the internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin.
Surface
muscle that is deep compare with skin that is covering it, is?
surface
physiology= the study of the ____ of the body’s structural _____
function, machinery
upper limb and lower limb is what type of anatomy?
Gross anatomy, regional
between shoulder and elbow
arm
between elbow and rist
forearm
between hips and foot
lower limb
between hips and knee
thigh
between knee and ankle
leg
The study of the structure of cells, tissues, and organs of the body that cant be seen with the naked eye.
microscopic anatomy
types of microscopic anatomy
- cytology
* Histology
the study of cells
cytology
the study of tissues
Histology
cytology
the study of cells
Histology
the study of tissues
The study of the structural changes of an individual from fertilization to adulthood.
Developmental anatomy
types of developmental anatomy
- traces
* embryology
structural changes through life
traces
study of development changes of the body before birth
embryology
kidney function
renal
workings of the nervous system
neurophysiology
operation of the heart and blood vessels
cardiovascular
______ focuses on the function of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level.
physiology
physiology focuses on the ___ of the body, often at the ____ or ___ level.
function, cellular, molecular
what are the principle of complementarity ?
EVERYTHING THAT HAS A SHAPE IT HAS A FUNCTION.
- Function always reflects structure.
- what a structure can do depends on its specific form
what are the levels of structural organization?
- chemical
- cellular
- tissues
- organs
- organ system
- organismal
atoms combined to form molecules
chemical
cells are made of molecules
cellular
consist of similar types of cells
tissues
made up of different types of tissues
organs
consist of different organs that work closely together
organ system
made up of the organ system
organismal
___ combined together for molecules
atoms
___ are made of molecules
cells
atoms combined to form
molecules
what organization is the most simplest
chemical
what organization is the most complex
organismal
name the organization from simplest to most complex
chemical cellular tissues organs organ system organismal
what are the necessary life functions?
- maintaining boundaries
- movement
- Responsiveness
- Digestion
- metabolism
- excretion
- reproduction
- growth
the internal environment remains distinct from the external.
maintaining boundaries
what are the types of ways to maintain boundaries
- Cellular level
* organismal level
accomplished by protecting the plasma membrane
cellular level
accomplished by protecting the skin
organismal level
locomotion, propulsion( peristalsis ) and contraction
movement
ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them ( nerves system)
responsiveness
breakdown of ingested food stuffs
digestion
all the chemical reactions that occur in the body
metabolism
removal of wastes from the body
excretion
an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells
reproduction in cellular level?
sperms and eggs unite to make a whole new sperm.
reproduction in the organismal level ?
increase in size of the body or of the organism
growth
what are the survival needs?
- nutrition
- oxygen
- water
- maintaining normal body temperature
- atmospheric pressure
chemical substance used for energy and cell building
nutrition
need for metabolic reactions
oxygen
provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions.
water
necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life- sustaining rate.
maintaining normal body temperature
required for proper breathing and gas in the lungs
atmospheric pressure
the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment on an ever- changing outside world.
Homeostasis
the internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of ____
equilibrium
what interacts together to maintain homeostasis
chemical, thermal, neural factors
the ____ produces a change in the body
variable
All ________ have at least three interdependent components for the variable being regulated.
homeostatic control mechanisms
what are the three interdependent components of control mechanisms?
- receptor
- control center
- effector
_____ monitors the environments and responds to changes ( stimuli)
Receptor
_____ determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
control center
_____ provides the means to respond to the stimulus
effector
what are the anatomical positions
- body erect
- feet slightly apart
- palms facing forward
- thumbs point away from body
____ and _____ = toward and away from the head, respectively
superior, inferior
____ and ____= toward the front and back of the body.
Anterior, posterior
____, ____ and _____= towards the midline, away from the midline and between a more medial and lateral structure
Medial, Lateral , intermediate.
superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, and intermediate are all
directional terms
_____ and ____ = closer to and farther from the origin of the body
proximal, distal
____ and ____ = towards and away from the body surface
superficial , deep
what are the body planes
sagittal, midsagittal or medial, frontal or coronal, transverse or horizontal and oblique section .
_____ divides the body into right and left parts
sagittal
sagittal plane that lies in the middle
midsaggital or medial
_____ divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
frontal or coronal
_____ divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Transverse or horizontal
_____ cuts made diagonally
oblique section
____ houses and protects the organ
body cavity
name the body cavities
dorsal cavity and ventral cavity
____ protects the nervous system and is divided into two subdivisions
dorsal cavity
______ houses internal organs and is divided into two subdivisions_____ and ______
ventral cavity, thoracic, abdomopelvic
dorsal cavity is divided into two subdivision , these are _______ and ______
cranial cavity, vertebral cavity
_____ is subdivided into pleural cavity, the mediastinum and the pericardial cavity
thoracic cavity
each houses a lung
pleural cavities
_____ contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
mediastinum
encloses the heart
pericardial cavity
______ is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome shaped diaphragm
the abdominopelvic
what are the two subdivision of abdominopelvic cavity?
- abdominal cavity
* pelvic cavity
_____ contain the stomach, intestine, spleen, liver and other organs
abdominal cavity
_____ lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs and rectum
pelvic cavity
name the ventral body cavity membranes
- parietal serosa
- visceral serosa
- serous fluis
between the parietal and visceral serosa is the
serous fluid
______ separates the serosae
serous fluid
