Chapter 1

Question 1

What does ‘1333’ in 1333MHz DDR3 refer to?

Answer 1

The speed of the system bus.

Question 2

Principle of Equivalence of Hardware and Software

Answer 2

Anything that can be done with software can also be done with hardware, and anything that can be done with hardware can also be done with software.

Question 3

SDRAM

Answer 3

synchronous dynamic random access memory

Question 4

USB

Answer 4

universal serial bus

Question 5

IEEE

Answer 5

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers: establish signaling protocol standards as well as data representation standards

Question 6

What does the IEEE do?

Answer 6

sets standards for various computer components, signaling protocols, and data representation

Question 7

ITU

Answer 7

International Telecommunications Union

Question 8

ANSI

Answer 8

American National Standards Institute

Question 9

ISO

Answer 9

International Organization for Standardization

Question 10

DDR

Answer 10

double data rate (RAM)

Question 11

SATA

Answer 11

Serial Advanced Technology Attachment

Question 12

IDE

Answer 12

Integrated Drive Electronics

Question 13

Hot plugging

Answer 13

The ability for a device (USB related) that can be added or removed while the computer is running

Question 14

PCI

Answer 14

Peripheral Component Interconnect

Question 15

Active matrix

Answer 15

one transistor per pixel–used to describe LCD monitors.

Question 16

NIC

Answer 16

Network Interface Card (for ethernet)

Question 17

computer organization

Answer 17

Addresses issues such as control signals, signaling methods, and memory types. It encompasses all physical aspects of computer systems.

Question 18

computer architecture

Answer 18

Computer architecture includes many elements such as instruction sets and formats, operation codes, data types, the number and types of registers, addressing modes, main memory access methods, and various I/O mechanisms. The architecture of a system directly affects the logical execution of programs.

Question 19

________ includes instruction sets and formats, operation codes, data types, registers, addressing modes, main memory access methods, and I/O mechanisms.

Answer 19

computer architecture

Question 20

______ encompasses all physical aspects of computer systems. Control signals, signaling methods, and memory types.

Answer 20

computer organization

Question 21

southbridge

Answer 21

hub that connects slower IO devices to system bus

Question 22

L1 cache location

Answer 22

Inside CPU

Question 23

L2 cache location

Answer 23

between CPU and RAM

Question 24

CRT

Answer 24

cathode ray tube

Question 25

CRT resolution is determined by the ______ of the monitor, which is the distance between a dot (or pixel) and the closest dot of the same color.

Answer 25

dot pitch

Question 26

response time

Answer 26

rate at which the pixels in a monitor can change color

Question 27

DVI

Answer 27

digital video interface

Question 28

Hardware

Answer 28

refers to the physical equipment used for the input, processing, output and storage activities of a computer system

Question 29

Hardware is (list):

Answer 29

CPU, RAM, I/O, Buses, Networking Equipment

Question 30

How do various components of hardware overlap? (visual)

Answer 30

Question 31

Gen 0

Answer 31

Mechanical Calculating Machines (1642-1945) Blaise Pascal developed a mechanical calculator called the Pascaline. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented a calculator known as the Stepped Reckoner.

Question 32

Charles Babbage (gen 0)

Answer 32

Built difference engine in 1822. It used a calculating technique called the **method of differences.** Designed the Analytical Engine, but died before it could be built.

Question 33

Ada Lovelace

Answer 33

Suggested that Babbage write a plan for how the machine would calculate. She became the first programmer.

Question 34

Herman Hollerith (gen 0)

Answer 34

``` Herman Hollerith (1860–1929). Hollerith’s machine was used for encoding and compiling 1890 census data. Later founded the company that would become IBM. ```

Question 35

Gen 1: Vacuum Tube Computers (1945–1953) Who involved? What did they do?

Answer 35

**John Atanasoff** is credited with the construction of the first completely electronic computer. The **Atanasoff Berry Computer** (ABC) was a binary machine built from vacuum tubes. John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert were the inventors of the ENIAC, introduced to the public in 1946. Ballistic trajectories in WWII needed calculating.

Question 36

Gen 2: Transistor Computers (1954–1965) Who involved? What did they do?

Answer 36

In 1948 at Bell Laboratories—John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley—invented the transistor.

Question 37

Gen 3: Integrated Circuit Computers (1965-1980) Who? What did they do?

Answer 37

**Jack Kilby** invented the integrated circuit (IC) or microchip, made of germanium. 6 mo later, **Robert Noyce** (who had also been working on integrated circuit design) used **silicon** instead of germanium.

Question 38

Intel 8080 (1974)

Answer 38

First general purpose 8-bit computer on a chip

Question 39

Intel 4004 (1971)

Answer 39

First microprocessor All CPU components on a single chip 4-bit data register

Question 40

Intel 8008 (1972)

Answer 40

First 8-bit microprocessor

Question 41

Blue Gene (# of processors?)

Answer 41

In 1999, IBM announced its Blue Gene system containing over **1 million processors.**

Question 42

Improvements to Von Neumann

Answer 42

specialized buses floating-point units cache memories

Question 43

General supercomputer improvements by decade

Answer 43

Late 1960s: dual processors 1970s: supercomputers with 32 processors. 1980s: 1,000 processors 1999: Blue Gene, 1M processors

Question 44

Multithreaded applications spread mini-processes, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, across one or more processors for increased throughput.

Answer 44

threads

Question 45

List factors for computer performance roughly in order of speed.

Answer 45

CPU Clock Cache RAM Bus Speed (FSB) I/O Bus GPU Security (Antivirus? OS stuff?)

Question 46

List some OS Functions

Answer 46

Computer Initialization Process Management (Scheduling, Error Handling) Resource Management (Memory allocation, IO Arbitration) Security (authentication, access control)

Question 47

Which language requires no compiler, interpreter, or assembler?

Answer 47

Machine Language (ISA level)

Question 48

Control Level (Level 1) Defines the...

Answer 48

This level defines the Instruction Set Architecture (ISA). A control unit decodes and executes instructions and moves data through the system.

Question 49

What makes a mainframe different than a server?

Answer 49

Mainframes can run software services, such as JEE application servers, web servers. They are designed to accommodate the concurrent use of hundreds or thousands of users in addition to their batch processing load.

Question 50

von Neumann bottleneck

Answer 50

Neumann's model contains a single path between the main memory system and the control unit of the CPU, forcing alternation of instruction and execution cycles.

Question 51

Moore's Law

Answer 51

the density of silicon chips doubles every 18 months.