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Computer Organization > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does ‘1333’ in 1333MHz DDR3 refer to?

A

The speed of the system bus.

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2
Q

Principle of Equivalence of Hardware and Software

A

Anything that can be done with software can also be done with hardware, and anything that can be done with hardware can also be done with software.

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3
Q

SDRAM

A

synchronous dynamic random access memory

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4
Q

USB

A

universal serial bus

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5
Q

IEEE

A

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers: establish signaling protocol standards as well as data representation standards

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6
Q

What does the IEEE do?

A

sets standards for various computer components, signaling protocols, and data representation

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7
Q

ITU

A

International Telecommunications Union

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8
Q

ANSI

A

American National Standards Institute

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9
Q

ISO

A

International Organization for Standardization

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10
Q

DDR

A

double data rate (RAM)

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11
Q

SATA

A

Serial Advanced Technology Attachment

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12
Q

IDE

A

Integrated Drive Electronics

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13
Q

Hot plugging

A

The ability for a device (USB related) that can be added or removed while the computer is running

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14
Q

PCI

A

Peripheral Component Interconnect

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15
Q

Active matrix

A

one transistor per pixel–used to describe LCD monitors.

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16
Q

NIC

A

Network Interface Card (for ethernet)

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17
Q

computer organization

A

Addresses issues such as control signals, signaling methods, and memory types. It encompasses all physical aspects of computer systems.

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18
Q

computer architecture

A

Computer architecture includes many elements such as instruction sets and formats, operation codes, data types, the number and types of registers, addressing modes, main memory access methods, and various I/O mechanisms. The architecture of a system directly affects the logical execution of programs.

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19
Q

________ includes instruction sets and formats, operation codes, data types, registers, addressing modes, main memory access methods, and I/O mechanisms.

A

computer architecture

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20
Q

______ encompasses all physical aspects of computer systems. Control signals, signaling methods, and memory types.

A

computer organization

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21
Q

southbridge

A

hub that connects slower IO devices to system bus

22
Q

L1 cache location

A

Inside CPU

23
Q

L2 cache location

A

between CPU and RAM

24
Q

CRT

A

cathode ray tube

25
Q

CRT resolution is determined by the ______ of the monitor, which is the distance between a dot (or pixel) and the closest dot of the same color.

A

dot pitch

26
Q

response time

A

rate at which the pixels in a monitor can change color

27
Q

DVI

A

digital video interface

28
Q

Hardware

A

refers to the physical equipment used for the input, processing, output and storage activities of a computer system

29
Q

Hardware is (list):

A

CPU, RAM, I/O, Buses, Networking Equipment

30
Q

How do various components of hardware overlap? (visual)

A
31
Q

Gen 0

A

Mechanical Calculating Machines (1642-1945)

Blaise Pascal developed a mechanical calculator called the
Pascaline.

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented a calculator known as the Stepped Reckoner.

32
Q

Charles Babbage (gen 0)

A

Built difference engine in 1822. It used a calculating technique called the method of differences.

Designed the Analytical Engine, but died before it could be built.

33
Q

Ada Lovelace

A

Suggested that Babbage write a plan for how the machine would calculate. She became the first programmer.

34
Q

Herman Hollerith (gen 0)

A 
Herman Hollerith (1860–1929). Hollerith’s machine was used for
encoding and compiling 1890 census data. Later founded the company that would become IBM.
35
Q

Gen 1: Vacuum Tube Computers (1945–1953)

Who involved? What did they do?

A

John Atanasoff is credited with the construction of the
first completely electronic computer. The Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC) was
a binary machine built from vacuum tubes.

John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert were the inventors of the ENIAC, introduced to the public in 1946. Ballistic trajectories in WWII needed calculating.

36
Q

Gen 2: Transistor Computers (1954–1965)

Who involved? What did they do?

A

In 1948 at Bell Laboratories—John Bardeen, Walter Brattain,
and William Shockley—invented the transistor.

37
Q

Gen 3: Integrated Circuit Computers (1965-1980)

Who? What did they do?

A

Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit (IC) or microchip, made of germanium.

6 mo later, Robert Noyce (who had also been working on integrated circuit
design) used silicon instead of germanium.

38
Q

Intel 8080 (1974)

A

First general purpose 8-bit computer on a chip

39
Q

Intel 4004 (1971)

A

First microprocessor

All CPU components on a single chip

4-bit data register

40
Q

Intel 8008 (1972)

A

First 8-bit microprocessor

41
Q

Blue Gene (# of processors?)

A

In 1999, IBM announced its Blue Gene system containing over 1 million processors.

42
Q

Improvements to Von Neumann

A

specialized buses

floating-point units

cache memories

43
Q

General supercomputer improvements by decade

A

Late 1960s: dual processors

1970s: supercomputers with 32 processors.
1980s: 1,000 processors
1999: Blue Gene, 1M processors

44
Q

Multithreaded applications spread mini-processes, _______, across one or more processors for increased throughput.

A

threads

45
Q

List factors for computer performance roughly in order of speed.

A

CPU Clock

Cache

RAM

Bus Speed (FSB)

I/O Bus

GPU

Security (Antivirus? OS stuff?)

46
Q

List some OS Functions

A

Computer Initialization

Process Management (Scheduling, Error Handling)

Resource Management (Memory allocation, IO Arbitration)

Security (authentication, access control)

47
Q

Which language requires no compiler, interpreter, or assembler?

A

Machine Language (ISA level)

48
Q

Control Level (Level 1)

Defines the…

A

This level defines the Instruction Set Architecture (ISA).

A control unit decodes and executes instructions and moves data through the system.

49
Q

What makes a mainframe different than a server?

A

Mainframes can run software services, such as JEE application servers, web servers. They are designed to accommodate the concurrent use of hundreds or thousands of users in addition to their batch processing load.

50
Q

von Neumann bottleneck

A

Neumann’s model contains a single path between the main memory system and the control unit of the CPU, forcing alternation of instruction and execution cycles.

51
Q

Moore’s Law

A

the density of silicon chips doubles every 18 months.

Computer Organization (1 decks)

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