Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is chemical level?
The simplest level of the structural hierarchy
What is tissue level
Simplest living creatures are single cells, but in complex organisms such as human beings, the hierarchy continues in to the tissue level
What is Organ Level
Extremely complex functions become possible
What are organ system level
Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose make up an organ system
What is an organismal level?
Represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive
What is maintaining boundaries?
Every living organism must maintain its boundaries so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment
What does movement include?
Movement includes the activity promoted by the muscular system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another by running or swimming, and manipulating the external environment with our nible fingers
What is responsiveness?
Responsiveness/excitability, is the ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them
What is digestion?
The breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the body
What is metabolism?
A broad term that indicated all chemical reactions that occur within body cells
What is excretion?
The process of removing wastes, or excreta from the body
What is reproduction in terms of necessary life functions
Occurs at the cellular and the organismal level
What is growth?
An increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole
What are survival needs?
Ultimate goal of body systems is to maintain life
What are nutrients
Taken in via diet, contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building
What is oxygen?
Nutrients are useless unless oxygen is also available
What is water?
Water accounts for 60% - 80% of our body weight and is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body
What is normal body temperature?
Continue at life sustaining rates, normal body temperature must be maintained
What is appropriate atmospheric pressure?
Atmospheric pressure is the force that air exerts on the surface of the body
What is the variable of homeostatic control?
All homeostatic control mechanisms are processes
What is the receptor in homeostatic control?
Some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes called stimuli m, by sending information, second component is the control centre
What is the control centre in homeostatic control?
Determines set point which is the level or the range at which a variable is to be maintained
What is the effector in homeostatic control?
Provides the means for the control centre’s response (output) to the stimulus
What is negative feedback mechanism?
Negative feedback mechanisms, the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity
What is positive feedback mechanisms?
Response enhances the original stimulus so the the response is accelerated
What is blood clotting a normal response of?
A break in the wall of a blood vessel and is an excellent example of an important body function controlled by positive feedback
What is homeostatic imbalance?
Body’s control system becomes less efficient, and our internal environment becomes less and less stable
What is the source of homeostatic imbalance?
Occurs when the usual negative feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed and destructive positive feedback mechanisms take over - heart failure reflects this
What is an anatomical position?
Body is erect with feet slightly apart
Essential to understand anatomical position because most of the directional terms are used
What is directional terms?
Explain where one body structure is in relation to another
What is axial part?
Makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, Bec and trunk
What is appendicular part?
Consists of the appendages or limbs which are attached to the body’s axis
What are regional terms?
Used to designated specific areas within the major body divisions
What is anatomical variability?
Common directional and regional terms to refer to all human bodies, you know from observing faces and body shapes of people around you that we humans differ in our external anatomy
What is the Dorsal body cavity?
Protects fragile nervous system organs, has two sub-divisions
What is the cranial cavity?
In the skull, encases the brain
What is the vertebral/spinal cavity?
Runs within the bony vertebral column, enclosed the delicate spinal cord
What is the ventral body cavity?
The more anterior and large of the closed body cavities is the central body cavities
