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PSY100 (Dax) > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the term psychology come from?

A

Psyche - soul

Logos - the study of

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2
Q

Which ancient greek philosophers were involved with psychology’s relevance?

A

Socrates, Plato & Aristotle

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3
Q

What is nativism?

A

Inborn knowledge

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4
Q

What is empiricism?

A

Knowledge gained through experience

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5
Q

What is Aristotle’s theory of memory?

A

Suggested that memories are the result of three principles; similarity, contrast and contiguity (proximity).

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6
Q

What did Descartes argue in the renaissance era?

A

That the mind and body were separate and fundamentally different.

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7
Q

What did Descartes believe to be properties of the “body” or “naturalistic terms”?

A

Memory, perception, dreaming and emotions.

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8
Q

Who began one of the first experimental examinations of human reaction time?

A

Hermann von Helmholtz, argued for separation of sensation and perception as topics of study.

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9
Q

Who established the first formal lab for psychology research? Where was it?

A

Wilhelm Wundt, University of Leipzig

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10
Q

According to Wundt, what was psychology’s primary focus?

A

Consciousness - the awareness of immediate experience

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11
Q

Who was G. Stanley Hall?

A

Established America’s first research lab at Johns Hopkins, established APA.

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12
Q

What are the 2 major schools of thought in psychology?

A

Structuralism and functionalism

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13
Q

What is “structuralism”?

A

Led by Edward Titchener, the analysis of consciousness into it’s basic elements and the investigation of how these elements are related.

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14
Q

What is the “method of introspection”?

A

The systematic self-observation of one’s own conscious experience.

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15
Q

What is “functionalism”?

A

Led by William James, based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function of consciousness rather than it’s structure.

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16
Q

What is “natural selection”?

A

(Darwin) Heritable characteristics that provide survival or reproductive advantage that are more likely to be passed onto subsequent generations.

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17
Q

William James argued that “consciousness consists of a ________”

A

Continuous flow of thoughts.

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18
Q

James named the flow _____.

A

“the stream of consciousness”

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19
Q

The study of functionalism fostered what descendants of modern psychology?

A

Behaviourism and applies psychology.

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20
Q

What is “behaviourism”?

A

Led by John B. Watson, the theoretical orientation that scientific psychology should only study observable behaviour. Redefined psychology to the “study of behaviour”.

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21
Q

What is “behaviour”?

A

Any observable response or activity by an organism.

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22
Q

What did John B. Watson assert that psychologists could study?

A

Anything people do or say, but they could not scientifically study someone’s thoughts, wishes or feelings that accompany the behaviours.

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23
Q

What is “nature vs. nurture”?

A 
Nature = behaviour determined by genetic inheritance
Nurture = behaviour determined by environment and experience
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24
Q

What is a “stimulus”?

A

Any detectable input from the environment.

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25
Q

Behaviourists studied by what type of approach?

A

Stimulus-response (S-R) relationships

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26
Q

Who developed psychoanalysis?

A

Sigmund Freud

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27
Q

What is the “unconscious”?

A

Contains thought, memories and desires that are below the surface of consciousness but still play a large role on one’s behaviour.

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28
Q

Psychological disturbances are largely caused by?

A

Personal conflicts at the unconscious level.

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29
Q

What is the “psychoanalytic theory”?

A

Attempts to explain personality, motivation and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behaviour. Also emphasized the importance of sexuality.

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30
Q

B.F Skinner was influenced by?

A

Watson’s methodological behaviourism and Pavlov’s work on conditioned reflexes.

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31
Q

Skinner developed his own philosophy of?

A

Radical Behaviourism.

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32
Q

Skinner argued that psychology could _____?

A

Understand and predict behaviour without resorting to physiological explanations.

33
Q

What is the fundamental principle of behaviour as said by Skinner?

A

Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and tend not to repeat ones that lead to negative ones.

34
Q

Skinners book “Beyond Freedom and Dignity” stated that ___?

A

All behaviour is fully governed by external stimuli just as the flight of an arrow is governed by the laws of physics.

35
Q

Skinner arrived at the conclusion that ____?

A

Free will is an illusion.

36
Q

By the 1950’s what were the 2 most influential schools of psychology?

A

Behaviourism and psychoanalytic theory.

37
Q

What are the 6 contemporary theoretical perspectives in psychology?

A

Behavioural, Psychoanalytic, Humanistic, Cognitive, Biological and Evolutionary.

38
Q

What is “humanism”?

A

Emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, humanists take an optimistic view.

39
Q

Carl Rogers’ new approach to psychotherapy was known as?

A

Person-centred therapy.

40
Q

The first experimental lab in Canada was at _____ in the year _____. It was established by ______.

A

The university of Toronto in 1891 by James Mark Baldwin.

41
Q

Brenda Milner of McGill was a founder of?

A

Neuropsychology & the understanding of memory.

42
Q

What is “applied psychology”?

A

Branch of psychology concerned with everyday practical problems.

43
Q

What is “clinical psychology”?

A

Branch of psychology concerned with diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.

44
Q

Psychologists were mostly academics and researchers until when?

A

World War II and its aftermath, psychology was drawn into the world of mental health. Previously dominated by psychiatry.

45
Q

What is “cognition”?

A

Refers to the mental processes involved with acquiring knowledge.

46
Q

Jean Piaget (1954) focused attention on who’s cognitive development?

A

Children’s cognitive development.

47
Q

Cognitive theorists argue what?

A

That psychology must study internal mental events to fully understand behaviour.

48
Q

What does cognitive perspective point out?

A

That people’s manipulations of mental images do influence how they behave, however focusing only on observable behaviour does not fully explain why people behave as they do.

49
Q

Canadian psychologist James Olds (1956) demonstrated that what could evoke emotional responses?

A

Electrical stimulation.

50
Q

Roger Sperry (1981) earned a Nobel Prize for what?

A

Showing that the right and left halves of the brain are specialized to handle different types of mental tasks.

51
Q

Much of our behaviour can be explained in terms of?

A

Structures and processes in the brain.

52
Q

Donald Hebb, a professor of psychology at McGill, was credited with what?

A

Highlighting the importance of physiological and neuropsychological perspectives, paved the way for cognitive and neuroscience revolutions.

53
Q

What is “cell assembly”?

A

Cells assemblies resemble cognitive units that together or with other cells, facilitate behaviour.

54
Q

The new interest in culture appears to be caused by what 2 recent trends?

A

1) Advances in communication, travel and international trade have shrunk the world
2) The ethnic makeup of the Western world has become more increasingly diverse

55
Q

What is “evolutionary psychology”?

A

Examines behavioural processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of generations.

56
Q

Many evolutionary hypotheses are argued to be what?

A

Untestable, human behaviour is the result of learning and socialization.

57
Q

Martin Seligman is the founder of what type of psychology?

A

“positive psychology movement”

58
Q

What is “positive psychology”?

A

Made around the beginning of the 21st Century, it uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative and fulfilling aspects of human existence.

59
Q

What is “psychology” today?

A

The science that studies behaviour and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it. It is the profession that applies to cumulative knowledge of this science to practical problems.

60
Q

What are the 9 research areas in modern psychology?

A

Developmental, social, experimental, physiological, cognitive, personality, psychometrics, educational and health. (3P2E-DSC)

61
Q

What is developmental psychology?

A

Looks at human development across entire life span.

62
Q

What is social psychology?

A

Focuses on interpersonal behaviour and role of social forces. Topics include; attitude formation, prejudice, attraction and aggression.

63
Q

What is educational psychology?

A

Studies how people learn and they best ways to teach. Examines curriculum design, teacher training and classroom diversity.

64
Q

What is health psychology?

A

Focuses on how psychological factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of physical health and the causation, prevention and treatment of illness.

65
Q

What is physiological psychology?

A

Examines the influence of genetic factors on behaviour and role of the brain, nervous system, endorcrine system and bodily chemical regulation.

66
Q

What is experimental psychology?

A

The traditional core of topics that psychology was previously focused on. Topics include; sensation, perception, conditioning, emotion. The name is misleading as this is not the area experiments are done - every area conducts experiments.

67
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

Focuses on “higher” mental processes such as memory, reasoning, info. processing, language and creativity.

68
Q

What is psychometrics?

A

Concerned with the measurement of behaviour and capacities through the development of psychological tests. Involved with the design of tests to asses personality, etc. Involved with development of new techniques in statistical analysis.

69
Q

What is personality (as an area of research)?

A

Interested in describing and understanding individuals’ consistency in behaviour which represents their personality.

70
Q

Are psychology and psychiatry largely the same?

A

NO. Psychiatry is a branch of medicine, focused mostly on the treatment of mental disorders.
Psychology is an academic field that is much broader in scope.

71
Q

What are the 4 specialties of psychology?

A

Clinical, counselling, educational/school, industrial/organizational.

72
Q

What degree is needed for clinical psychology?

A

Ph. D, Ed.D or Psy. D

73
Q

What degree is needed for psychiatry?

A

MD

74
Q

What are the 3 themes related to psychology as a FIELD OF STUDY?

A

1) Psychology is empirical - knowledge is acquired through observation
2) Psychology is theoretically diverse
3) Psychology evolves in a Sociohistorical context

75
Q

What are the 4 themes related to psychology’s SUBJECT MATTER?

A

1) Behaviour is determined by multiple causes
2) Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage
3) Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour
4) People’s experience of the world is highly subjective

76
Q

What is a “theory”?

A

A system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations.

77
Q

What is the “SQ3R” method?

A

Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review

78
Q

On a multiple choice test, which type of change in answers is most common?

A

Changing wrong to right.

79
Q

How does one acquire critical thinking skills?

A

They need to be deliberately taught, they often do not develop on their own without practice and demonstration.

PSY100 (Dax) (6 decks)

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