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Database Design > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of DATABASE?

A
  • An organized collection of logically related data
  • Data can be searched, manipulated & sorted
  • Can be of any size and complexity
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2
Q

What can users of a database do?

A
  • Insert, retrieve and update database records
  • Delete a record from the database
  • Remove or delete database tables or files
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3
Q

What is the concept of a database in Computer Science?

A
  • A SOFTWARE or PROGRAM that allows you to organize and store data in an electronic format on a computer
  • The data can be searched, manipulated, sorted, analyzed and displayed quickly and efficiently
  • The data can be of any size and complexity
  • A database can be looked at as a computerized record-keeping system
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4
Q

What is the definition of DATA?

A
  • Objects and events that are stored in a computer and have meaning
    OBJECTS - Numbers, text, dates, documents, emails, images, audio, video, etc.
    EVENTS - stored occurrences of business transactions., etc
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5
Q

What is the definition of STRUCTURED DATA?

A
  • Data stored in a tabular form

- Names, addresses, etc.

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6
Q

What is the definition of UNSTRUCTURED DATA?

A
  • Documents, emails, photos, images, sounds, etc.
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7
Q

What is the definition of INFORMATION?

A
  • Data that has been processed in a way that increases the knowledge of the person using the data
  • It can be summarized & represented for human interpretation (charts, graphs, etc)
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8
Q

What is the definition of METADATA?

A
  • Data that describes the properties or characteristics of the data that is stored
  • Stored description of the data in the database
  • Helps describe what the data means
  • Data about the data
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9
Q

What are the properties of METADATA

A
  • Data names, definitions, length, size, type of allowed value.
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10
Q

What is the definition of a FILE PROCESSING SYSTEM?

A
  • An early system which stored information in computer files
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11
Q

What is the definition of FILE?

A
  • A collection of related records
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12
Q

Name 5 Disadvantages of File Systems…

A
  1. Program Data Dependence
  2. Duplication of Data
  3. Limited Data Sharing
  4. Lengthy development times
  5. Excessive Program Maintenance
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13
Q

Name the 3 Characteristics of THE DATABASE APPROACH…

A
  1. Central repository of shared data
  2. Data is managed by a controlling agent
  3. Data is stored in a standardized, convenient form

This requires a DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)

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14
Q

Describe PROGRAM DATA DEPENDENCE as it relates to the File Processing Approach.

A

Each program maintains its own metadata for each file they use. Any change in a file, will require work in each program that accesses that file, increasing maintenance costs.

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15
Q

Describe DUPLICATION OF DATA as it relates to the File Processing Approach.

A

Each program has its own copy of the same data. This is wasteful in terms of storage and maintenance costs

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16
Q

Describe LIMITED DATA SHARING as it relates to the File Processing Approach.

A

There is no centralized control of data. Files are private and owned by each program. This makes collaboration difficult.

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17
Q

Describe LENGTHY DEVELOPMENT TIMES as it relates to the File Processing Approach.

A

Each application programmer must design their own file formats.

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18
Q

Describe EXCESSIVE PROGRAM MAINTENANCE as it relates to the File Processing Approach.

A

Due to all of the other factors. Leads to high development costs.

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19
Q

Name 8 advantages to the database approach?

A
  1. Program-Data independence
  2. Planned data redundancy
  3. Improved data consistency
  4. Improved data sharing
  5. Improved Security
  6. Enforcement of standards
  7. Improved data quality
  8. Reduced program maintenance
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20
Q

Describe PROGRAM-DATA INDEPENDENCE as it relates to the database approach.

A

Metadata is separate from the data, so data can evolve without affecting the applications that process the data.

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21
Q

Describe PLANNED DATA REDUNDANCY as it relates to the database approach.

A

Data is less redundant, since data is centralized and better managed. There is reduction in wasted storage.

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22
Q

Describe IMPROVED DATA CONSISTENCY as it relates to the database approach.

A

Data is stored in one location, leading to better consistency

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23
Q

Describe IMPROVED DATA SHARING as it relates to the database approach.

A

Data can easily be shared among many users.

24
Q

Describe IMPROVED SECURITY as it relates to the database approach.

A

There is control over who can access the system and what types of changes each individual is allowed to make.

25
Q

Describe ENFORCEMENT OF STANDARDS as it relates to the database approach.

A

Constraints govern naming conventions, rules enforcement, etc.

26
Q

Describe IMPROVED DATA QUALITY as it relates to the database approach.

A

THE DBMS contains constraints or business rules that cannot be violated, which are specified by the designer.

27
Q

Define DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

A

A software or program used to design, create, use, and provide controlled access to a database.

28
Q

What are some examples of Database Managements Systems?

A
  1. Oracle
  2. Microsoft SQL Server
  3. Sybase SQL Server
  4. IBM DB2
29
Q

What are the 9 major components of a DBMS?

A
  1. Storage System
  2. Queries Engine
  3. Reporting Service
  4. Programming Language
  5. Stored Procedures
  6. Triggers
  7. Administrative Tools
  8. Application Programming Interface (API)
  9. Data Integrity Mechanism
30
Q

Describe a DBMS STORAGE SYSTEM

A
  • Where the data is kept.

- A relational DBMS uses tables to store data

31
Q

Describe a DBMS QUERIES ENGINE

A

Programming within the the DBMS that allows querying (searching, updating, inserting and deleting) the data using SQL.

32
Q

Describe a DBMS REPORTING SERVICE

A

Programming within the DBMS that enables the creation/generation of customized reports or formatted results of database queries.

33
Q

Describe a DBMS PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE.

A
  1. A data manipulation language that allows the user to search, insert, update and delete records from the system (SQL - Structured Query Language)
  2. A specialized programming language similar to C# or Java, that enables the writing of complex server-side processing (programming that does most of the processing on the server, rather than on the client application.)
34
Q

Describe DBMS STORED PROCEDURES

A

Executable blocks of SQL statements & Native Code grouped together as one executable unit. They can be called from the client application to perform desired processing on the database.

35
Q

Describe DBMS TRIGGERS

A

A special type of stored procedure that executes automatically in response to some specified condition. Similar to event handlers in programming languages

36
Q

Describe DBMS ADMINISTRATIVE TOOLS

A

Database Development - Programs or executables that allow the user/developer to interface and program the DBMS.
Database Administration - Programs or executables that allow the system administrator to manage the DBMS (security, backup/recovery, etc.)

37
Q

Describe DBMS APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE (API)

A

A set of routines, protocols and tools that allow external programs to be integrated into the DBMS software application.

38
Q

Describe DBMS DATA INTEGRITY MECHANISM

A

Constraints are restrictions which control the values that can be assigned and the limiting the actions within the DBMS.

  • Domain Constraints
  • Entity Constraints
  • Referential Integrity Constraints
39
Q

Describe DOMAIN CONSTRAINTS

A

Rules governing the values that can be assigned to attributes

40
Q

Describe ENTITY CONSTRAINTS

A

Rules governing entity PRIMARY KEYS (not null, for example)

41
Q

Describe REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY CONSTRAINTS

A

Business rules governing relationships between tables

  • Foreign keys must have matching primary key
  • Foreign key can be NULL
  • Delete rules
42
Q

Describe a DBMS Physical Configuration

A
  1. DBMS usually installed in a server or with LOTS of memory & storage
  2. Server must contain an operating system to manage resources and host the DBMS
  3. The DBMS runs as a process waiting for clients or programs to make a request
43
Q

Describe 7 aspects of a PERSONAL or DESKTOP DATABASE SYSTEM

A
  1. Generally supports 1 user.
  2. Installed in laptops and personal PC’s
  3. Can be easily migrated from 1 PC to another
  4. Can support a small number of users if configured as a peer-to-peer network and the DATABASE FILE is stored on a central computer.
  5. They include a GUI engine to allow creation of full applications with just the personal database. No other programming language is needed besides what is on the PC.
  6. Great for Fast or Rapid Development (RAD)
  7. Low cost solution for creating simple database applications.
44
Q

What are 5 examples of desktop personal Database applications?

A
  1. Microsoft Access
  2. File Maker Pro
  3. Alpha Five
  4. Paradox
  5. Lotus Approach
45
Q

What are the 9 main components of a personal database program?

A
  1. Forms & GUI Engine
  2. Storage System
  3. Queries Engine
  4. Reporting Services
  5. Custom Programming Language
  6. Programming Tool - Procedures
  7. Programming Tool - Macros
  8. Data Integrity Mechanism
  9. Administrative Tools
46
Q

Describe Personal Database FORMS AND GUI ENGINE

A
  • User Interface forms or modules that allow the creation of front-end screens for users to use when interacting with the database
  • This allows users to create full database applications in one package
47
Q

Describe Personal Database STORAGE SYSTEM

A
  • Where the data is kept.

- Uses tables to store data

48
Q

Describe Personal Database QUERIES ENGINE

A

Programming that allows querying (searching, updating, inserting and deleting) the data using SQL.

49
Q

Describe Personal Database REPORTING SERVICES

A

Programming that enables the creation/generation of customized reports or formatted results of database queries.

50
Q

Describe Personal Database PROGRAMMING TOOL - PROCEDURES

A
  • Executable blocks of SQL statements & Native Code grouped together as one executable unit. They can be called from the client application to perform desired processing on the database.
  • Personal Databases don’t have STORED PROCEDURES like DBMS, but you can use Native Programming Language to create Procedure-like Blocks of code that can be called from the Personal Database Application
51
Q

Describe Personal Database PROGRAMMING TOOL - MACROS

A
  • A special type of procedure that executes automatically under specified condition.
  • Macros are similar to triggers in DBMS, but are not as powerful
52
Q

Describe Personal Database DATA INTEGRITY MECHANISM

A

Attributes and Referential Integrity Rules - restraints or limits on the values assigned to attributes and limiting actions within the database

53
Q

Describe Personal Database ADMINISTRATIVE TOOLS

A
  1. Programs that allow the Database Developer & Administrator to program, create databases & execute queries
    - This is BUILT-IN to the client executable and is not a separate executable
54
Q

Describe a personal database physical configuration

A
  1. Usually installed on personal computers
  2. Don’t require a lot of memory and storage
  3. PC must contain an OS to manage resources and host the database
55
Q

What are 4 examples of database programs?

A
  1. ATM Machines
  2. Business Applications
  3. Restaurant and retail systems
  4. ANY PROGRAM THAT CONNECTS TO A DATABASE TO RETRIEVE, UPDATE, INSERT & DELETE DATA IS A DATABASE APPLICATION
56
Q

What are the 2 MAIN types of Database Applications?

A
  1. DBMS Applications

2. Personal Desktop Database Applications

57
Q

What are the 2 types of Personal Desktop Database Applications?

A
  1. Applications using Native Database only

2. Applications using Programming Languages

Database Design (1 decks)

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