Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is the metric system and what are the basic units?
is is an english system of measurement
meter, liter, kilogram, joule, watt, newton
What is the science used to measure work?
Ergometry
What is the equation for work?
Work=Force x Distance
What is the tool used in measuring ergometry?
ergometer
What was ergometry originally applied to?
mechanical systems
As the body is not 100% efficient in converting chemical energy to mechanical what happens?
biological expenditure is always greater than mechanical energy cost
What is the equation for power?
Power= F x D(work)/Time
Describe the Power equation in a sentence
power is how much work is accomplished over a relative amount of time
What are some types of ergometry?
Cycle (upper and lower body) Treadmill Swimming Rowing Stepping
How is the slope fixed for quantifiable data on a treadmill?
the treadmill is angled because it is complicated to get quantifiable data at a flat/horizontal surface
Percent Grade for a treadmill
Sine(ø)=Rise(opposite)/Hypotenuse
Name the variables for Work
kJ
kcal
ft./lb
kgm
Name the variables for Power
kgm/min
Watts
kcal/min
kJ/min
What does efficiency refer to when exercising?
ratio between the mechanical energy produced to the energy used to cause the exercise
What is the definition for calorimetry?
science that quantifies the HEAT release from metabolism
what is the definition of a calorie?
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a kilogram of water
How do you measure Energy Expenditure?
Direct Calorimetry
Indirect Calorimetry
What is Direct Calorimetry?
measurement of heat production to indicate a person’s metabolic rate
What is Indirect Calorimetry?
measurement of oxygen consumption as an estimate of one’s resting metabolic rate
What are the different types of Indirect Calorimetry and explain them?
Closed Circuit: recirculation of inhaled and exhaled air
Open Circuit: inhalation of atmospheric air, then put in a douglas bag
What are definitions and abbreviations used in Calorimetry?
VO2-oxygen consumption
VCO2-carbon dioxide production
RQ-Resting quotient=VCO2/VO2 at the cell
RER-Respiratory exchange ratio=VCO2/VO2 at the mouth
Kcal/L-energy released from metabolism for 1 L of VO2
Bomb Calorimeter-instrument to combust food
Respirometer-instrument that quantifies the body’s VO2
The values for CHO, Fat, and proteins
CHO-4.0
Fat-8.9
Protein-4.3
A RQ of 1.00 burns more of what?
Burns more CHO because it is a higher intensity workout
A RQ of .7 burns more of what?
Burns more fats because it is a lower intensity workout
What is the 50% value for the RQ chart/
.83
What are the Indirect Gas Analysis Calorimetry Fundamental Principles?
The volume of oxygen consumed is the difference between inspired and expired oxygen.
The volume of carbon dioxide produced is the difference between expired and inspired carbon dioxide.
Formula for calculating VO2
VO2=V(I)O2 - V(E)O2
same thing as the fundamental principle said
What is the Haldane Transformation?
that the volume of inspired nitrogen must equal the volume of exhaled nitrogen
What are the Gas Fraction in Atmospheric Air?
Oxygen .2093 Nitrogen .7903 Carbon D. .0003 Argon/Helium .0001 Totals to 1.000
Calculating VCO2
same as the fundamental says
VCO2= V(E)CO2-V(I)CO2
What is the value that determines VO2 max for RER?
1.15
When can RQ and RER not be equal?
Metabolic acidosis non-steady state exercise Hyperventilation excess port-exercise Prolonged exercise
What inflates VCO2 causing RER greater than 1.0?
metabolic acidosis
What is lower than expected VO2 and likelihood for an inflated VCO2 and RER?
Non-steady state exercise
What causes a higher VCO2 and inflates the RER?
hyperventilation
What is sustained elevated VO2 can cause RER to be lower than expected?
Excess port-exercise
If CHO nutrition was poor and muscles and liver glycogen are low; the longer the exercise session the greater the amino acid oxidation is what?
prolonged exercise
What is the formula to determine energy expenditure?
kcal=VO2 x RER caloric equivalent x time
What is the absolute value of the kcal formula?
VO2(L/min)
What are metabolic conditions that would increase protein catabolism?
starvation
diabetes mellitus (type 2)
prolonged exercise while restricting CHO
excess protein ingestion
What is the definition of economy?
refers to the energy cost of an exercise condition
What is the definition of efficiency?
mechanical energy produced during the movement relative to the metabolic energy expenditure to cause the movement.
explain economy vs efficiency
more efficient they are, the more economical they’ll be, the less efficient the more/higher VO2 will be
so the more efficient the lower VO2 will be
What kind of muscle fibers are the most efficient?
slow fibers bc the require less ATP
