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Anatomy & Physiology (Essentials of) > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy is what?

A

The study of body structures

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2
Q

Physiology is what?

A

The study of the function of structures

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3
Q

What is macroscopic anatomy (or “gross” anatomy)?

A

The study of structures you can see with the naked eye

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4
Q

What is systemic anatomy?

A

The study of structures that work together to accomplish a specific function (like the digestive system)

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5
Q

What is regional anatomy?

A

The study of all of the structures in a particular area, or region, of the body.

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6
Q

What is surface anatomy?

A

The study of visible landmarks on the exterior of the body. They help you relate to the deeper anatomical structures (like the radial pulse with your heartbeat)

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7
Q

What is microscopic anatomy?

A

The study of structures one can only see with an assistive device like a microscope

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8
Q

What is cytology?

A

The study of the structure of individual cells

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9
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of the structure of tissues

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10
Q

What are the 3 other anatomical divisions?

A

Developmental anatomy, pathological anatomy, and radiographic anatomy

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11
Q

What is developmental anatomy?

A

The study of how structures change between conception and death

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12
Q

What is pathological anatomy?

A

The study of how disease affects structures. Can be macro or microscopic levels

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13
Q

What is radiographic anatomy?

A

The study of macroscopic structures using various imaging techniques. (x-ray, ultrasound, MRI, PET, etc)

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14
Q

What are the levels of organization starting at the lowest/simplest?

A

Chemicals, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism

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15
Q

What is the chemical level of organization?

A

The simplest level; consisting of the basic “building blocks” of which all other levels are made

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16
Q

Wat are the 3 subatomic particles of an atom?

A

Electron, Proton, Neutron

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17
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together

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18
Q

What is the cellular level composed of?

A

Cells

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19
Q

What is meant by the statement “cells are the structural and functional unit of life”?

A

It is the first level of organization in which we see properties of life

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20
Q

Define tissue

A

Similar cells working together to perform a specific function

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21
Q

What are the 4 major tissues of the body?

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous

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22
Q

Definition of an organ

A

Specialized structure of the body that performs a specific task

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23
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A collection of organs that work together to carry out specific functions in the body

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24
Q

What is an organism?

A

The collection of all organ systems working together to sustain the life of the organism

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25
Q

What are the structures of the Integumentary System?

A

Hair, skin, nails

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26
Q

What are the functions of the Integumentary System?

A

It protects against environmental hazards and helps control body temperature.

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27
Q

What are the 11 organ systems?

A

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Male/Female Reproductive

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28
Q

What are the structures of the Skeletal system?

A

Axial (skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, sacrum)
Appendicular (Supporting bones{scapula and clavicle}, upper limb bones, lower limb bones, pelvis{supporting bones plus sacrum})

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29
Q

What are the function of the Skeletal system?

A

Provides support; protects tissues; stores minerals; forms blood cells

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30
Q

What are the structures of the Muscular system?

A

Axial muscles; Appendicular muscles; Tendons

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31
Q

What are the functions of the Muscular system?

A

Provides movement; provides protection and support for other tissues; produces heat

32
Q

What are the structures of the Nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System (Brain; spinal chord)

Peripheral Nervous System (Peripheral nerves)

33
Q

What are the functions of the Nervous system?

A

Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems; provides and interprets sensory information about internal and external conditions

34
Q

What are the structures of the Endocrine system?

A

Pineal gland; Pituitary gland; Thyroid gland; Parathyroid gland; Adrenal gland; Thymus; Pancreas; Ovary in females; Testis in males

35
Q

What are the functions of the Endocrine system?

A

Directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems

36
Q

What are the structures of the Cardiovascular system?

A

Heart; Artery; Vein; Capillaries

37
Q

What are the functions of the Cardiovascular system?

A

Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

38
Q

What are the structures of the Lymphatic system?

A

Thymus; Lymph nodes; Spleen; Lymphatic vessel

39
Q

What are the functions of the Lymphatic system?

A

Defends against infection and disease; returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

40
Q

What are the structures of the Respiratory system?

A

Nasal Cavity; Sinus; Pharynx; Larynx; Trachea; Bronchi; Lung; Diaphragm

41
Q

What are the functions of the Respiratory system?

A

Delivers air to sites in the lungs where gas exchange occurs between the air and bloodstream; produces sound for communication

42
Q

What are the structures of the Digestive system?

A

Salivary gland; Mouth, teeth, and tongue; Pharynx; Esophagus; Liver; Gallbladder; Stomach; Pancreas; Large intestine; Small intestine; Anus

43
Q

What are the functions of the Digestive system?

A

Processes food and absorbs nutrients

44
Q

What are the structures of the Urinary system?

A

Kidney, Ureter, Urinary bladder; Urethra

45
Q

What are the functions of the Urinary system?

A

Eliminates waste products from the blood; controls water balance by regulating the volume of urine produced

46
Q

What are the structures of the Male Reproductive system?

A

Prostate gland, Seminal gland, Ductus deferens, Urethra, Epididymis, Testis, Penis, Scrotum

47
Q

What are the functions of the Male Reproductive system?

A

Produces male sex cells (sperm) and hormones

48
Q

What are the structures of the Female Reproductive system?

A

Mammary gland, Uterine tube, Ovary, Uterus, Vagina, External genitalia

49
Q

What are the functions of the Female Reproductive system?

A

Produces female sex cells (oocytes, or immature eggs) and hormones; supports embryonic and fetal development from fertilization to birth

50
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The maintenance of internal environment within range suitable for cell activities.

51
Q

What is the result if homeostasis is not maintained?

A

Sickness or even death

52
Q

What are the 3 components in the body that are required to maintain homeostasis?

A

Receptor; Control Center (aka integration ctr); Effector

53
Q

What is a receptor?

A

A body part that can sense change

54
Q

What is a control center/integration ctr?

A

A body part that receives the information from the receptor and tells the body how to respond to the change (usually the CNS or Endocrine organs)

55
Q

What is an effector?

A

Its the part that responds to the commands of the control center. The activity of the effector has an effect upon the stimulus. (Effectors include muscles & glands in the body)

56
Q

What are the two types of feedback used to maintain homeostasis?

A

Negative feedback; Positive feedback

57
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

A stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus. (Most common type of feedback; used for conditions that need frequent adjustment)

58
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that stimulus.

59
Q

Example of negative feedback: maintenance of body temperature

A

Receptor: Body’s temperature sensors
Control center: Thermoregulatory ctr in the brain
Effector: Blood vessels & sweat glands in skin

60
Q

Examples of positive feedback

A

Clotting when a blood vessel is damaged. Oxytocin release during childbirth.

61
Q

Name the aspects of the anatomical position

A
  1. Is standing erect
  2. Feet are parallel, flat, & directed forward
  3. Face & eyes are forward
  4. Arms are held at the sides
  5. The palms are facing forward with the thumbs directed away from the body
62
Q

Define prone position

A

the body lying face down

63
Q

Define supine position

A

the body lying face up

64
Q

Name the anatomical directions when referring to the location of one anatomical structure in relationship to another.

A 
Superior (cranial) vs. Inferior (caudal)
Anterior vs. Posterior 
Ventral vs. Dorsal
Medial vs. Lateral
   Ipsilateral; Contralateral; Unilateral
Proximal vs. Distal
Superficial vs. Deep
65
Q

Define relation between Superior (cranial) and Inferior (caudal)

A

Superior (cranial): towards the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
Inferior (caudal): away from the head; toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

66
Q

Define relation between Anterior (Ventral) and Posterior (Dorsal)

A

Anterior (Ventral): Toward or at the front ofthe body; in front of
Posterior (Dorsal): Toward or at the back of the body; behind

67
Q

Define relation between Medial and Lateral

A

Medial: Toward the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Lateral: Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

68
Q

Other lateral directions & what they reference

A

Ipsilateral - On the same side (affecting the arm and leg on the same side
Contralateral - On opposite sides (affecting the right arm and left leg)
Unilateral: in reference to only one side of the body

69
Q

Define relation between Proximal and Distal

A

Proximal: closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

70
Q

Define relation between Superficial and Deep

A

Superficial: (external) Toward or at the body surface
Deep: (internal) Away from the body surface; more internal

71
Q

What are the 3 anatomical planes?

A

Coronal (frontal) plane; Sagittal plane (median or midsagittal plane; parasagittal plane); transverse (horizontal) plane

72
Q

Describe a coronal (frontal) plane

A

A vertical or longitudinal plane of sectioning (divides the body into anterior and posterior portions)

73
Q

Describe a sagittal plane

A

A vertical or longitudinal plane of sectioning (divides the body or an organ into left & right portions)

74
Q

Describe a median or midsagittal plane

A

The right and left portions are symmetric

75
Q

Describe a parasagittal plane

A

The right and left portions are not symmetric

76
Q

Describe a transverse (horizontal) plane

A

a horizontal plane of sectioning (divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions

Anatomy & Physiology (Essentials of) (3 decks)

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