Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy is what?
The study of body structures
Physiology is what?
The study of the function of structures
What is macroscopic anatomy (or “gross” anatomy)?
The study of structures you can see with the naked eye
What is systemic anatomy?
The study of structures that work together to accomplish a specific function (like the digestive system)
What is regional anatomy?
The study of all of the structures in a particular area, or region, of the body.
What is surface anatomy?
The study of visible landmarks on the exterior of the body. They help you relate to the deeper anatomical structures (like the radial pulse with your heartbeat)
What is microscopic anatomy?
The study of structures one can only see with an assistive device like a microscope
What is cytology?
The study of the structure of individual cells
What is histology?
The study of the structure of tissues
What are the 3 other anatomical divisions?
Developmental anatomy, pathological anatomy, and radiographic anatomy
What is developmental anatomy?
The study of how structures change between conception and death
What is pathological anatomy?
The study of how disease affects structures. Can be macro or microscopic levels
What is radiographic anatomy?
The study of macroscopic structures using various imaging techniques. (x-ray, ultrasound, MRI, PET, etc)
What are the levels of organization starting at the lowest/simplest?
Chemicals, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism
What is the chemical level of organization?
The simplest level; consisting of the basic “building blocks” of which all other levels are made
Wat are the 3 subatomic particles of an atom?
Electron, Proton, Neutron
What is a molecule?
Two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together
What is the cellular level composed of?
Cells
What is meant by the statement “cells are the structural and functional unit of life”?
It is the first level of organization in which we see properties of life
Define tissue
Similar cells working together to perform a specific function
What are the 4 major tissues of the body?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous
Definition of an organ
Specialized structure of the body that performs a specific task
What is an organ system?
A collection of organs that work together to carry out specific functions in the body
What is an organism?
The collection of all organ systems working together to sustain the life of the organism
What are the structures of the Integumentary System?
Hair, skin, nails
What are the functions of the Integumentary System?
It protects against environmental hazards and helps control body temperature.
What are the 11 organ systems?
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Male/Female Reproductive
What are the structures of the Skeletal system?
Axial (skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, sacrum)
Appendicular (Supporting bones{scapula and clavicle}, upper limb bones, lower limb bones, pelvis{supporting bones plus sacrum})
What are the function of the Skeletal system?
Provides support; protects tissues; stores minerals; forms blood cells
What are the structures of the Muscular system?
Axial muscles; Appendicular muscles; Tendons
What are the functions of the Muscular system?
Provides movement; provides protection and support for other tissues; produces heat
What are the structures of the Nervous system?
Central Nervous System (Brain; spinal chord)
Peripheral Nervous System (Peripheral nerves)
What are the functions of the Nervous system?
Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems; provides and interprets sensory information about internal and external conditions
What are the structures of the Endocrine system?
Pineal gland; Pituitary gland; Thyroid gland; Parathyroid gland; Adrenal gland; Thymus; Pancreas; Ovary in females; Testis in males
What are the functions of the Endocrine system?
Directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems
What are the structures of the Cardiovascular system?
Heart; Artery; Vein; Capillaries
What are the functions of the Cardiovascular system?
Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
What are the structures of the Lymphatic system?
Thymus; Lymph nodes; Spleen; Lymphatic vessel
What are the functions of the Lymphatic system?
Defends against infection and disease; returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
What are the structures of the Respiratory system?
Nasal Cavity; Sinus; Pharynx; Larynx; Trachea; Bronchi; Lung; Diaphragm
What are the functions of the Respiratory system?
Delivers air to sites in the lungs where gas exchange occurs between the air and bloodstream; produces sound for communication
What are the structures of the Digestive system?
Salivary gland; Mouth, teeth, and tongue; Pharynx; Esophagus; Liver; Gallbladder; Stomach; Pancreas; Large intestine; Small intestine; Anus
What are the functions of the Digestive system?
Processes food and absorbs nutrients
What are the structures of the Urinary system?
Kidney, Ureter, Urinary bladder; Urethra
What are the functions of the Urinary system?
Eliminates waste products from the blood; controls water balance by regulating the volume of urine produced
What are the structures of the Male Reproductive system?
Prostate gland, Seminal gland, Ductus deferens, Urethra, Epididymis, Testis, Penis, Scrotum
What are the functions of the Male Reproductive system?
Produces male sex cells (sperm) and hormones
What are the structures of the Female Reproductive system?
Mammary gland, Uterine tube, Ovary, Uterus, Vagina, External genitalia
What are the functions of the Female Reproductive system?
Produces female sex cells (oocytes, or immature eggs) and hormones; supports embryonic and fetal development from fertilization to birth
Define homeostasis
The maintenance of internal environment within range suitable for cell activities.
What is the result if homeostasis is not maintained?
Sickness or even death
What are the 3 components in the body that are required to maintain homeostasis?
Receptor; Control Center (aka integration ctr); Effector
What is a receptor?
A body part that can sense change
What is a control center/integration ctr?
A body part that receives the information from the receptor and tells the body how to respond to the change (usually the CNS or Endocrine organs)
What is an effector?
Its the part that responds to the commands of the control center. The activity of the effector has an effect upon the stimulus. (Effectors include muscles & glands in the body)
What are the two types of feedback used to maintain homeostasis?
Negative feedback; Positive feedback
What is negative feedback?
A stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus. (Most common type of feedback; used for conditions that need frequent adjustment)
What is positive feedback?
Initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that stimulus.
Example of negative feedback: maintenance of body temperature
Receptor: Body’s temperature sensors
Control center: Thermoregulatory ctr in the brain
Effector: Blood vessels & sweat glands in skin
Examples of positive feedback
Clotting when a blood vessel is damaged. Oxytocin release during childbirth.
Name the aspects of the anatomical position
- Is standing erect
- Feet are parallel, flat, & directed forward
- Face & eyes are forward
- Arms are held at the sides
- The palms are facing forward with the thumbs directed away from the body
Define prone position
the body lying face down
Define supine position
the body lying face up
Name the anatomical directions when referring to the location of one anatomical structure in relationship to another.
Superior (cranial) vs. Inferior (caudal) Anterior vs. Posterior Ventral vs. Dorsal Medial vs. Lateral Ipsilateral; Contralateral; Unilateral Proximal vs. Distal Superficial vs. Deep
Define relation between Superior (cranial) and Inferior (caudal)
Superior (cranial): towards the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
Inferior (caudal): away from the head; toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
Define relation between Anterior (Ventral) and Posterior (Dorsal)
Anterior (Ventral): Toward or at the front ofthe body; in front of
Posterior (Dorsal): Toward or at the back of the body; behind
Define relation between Medial and Lateral
Medial: Toward the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Lateral: Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
Other lateral directions & what they reference
Ipsilateral - On the same side (affecting the arm and leg on the same side
Contralateral - On opposite sides (affecting the right arm and left leg)
Unilateral: in reference to only one side of the body
Define relation between Proximal and Distal
Proximal: closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Define relation between Superficial and Deep
Superficial: (external) Toward or at the body surface
Deep: (internal) Away from the body surface; more internal
What are the 3 anatomical planes?
Coronal (frontal) plane; Sagittal plane (median or midsagittal plane; parasagittal plane); transverse (horizontal) plane
Describe a coronal (frontal) plane
A vertical or longitudinal plane of sectioning (divides the body into anterior and posterior portions)
Describe a sagittal plane
A vertical or longitudinal plane of sectioning (divides the body or an organ into left & right portions)
Describe a median or midsagittal plane
The right and left portions are symmetric
Describe a parasagittal plane
The right and left portions are not symmetric
Describe a transverse (horizontal) plane
a horizontal plane of sectioning (divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions
