Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is the name of the bone that supports the most superior teeth in most mammals?
Maxilla
Dentition
All of the teeth in the mouth together
- primary “= baby teeth
- Secondary “= permeant teeth
Maxillary Arch
Teeth in the upper jaw bone that form an arch shape
Mandibular Arch
Teeth in the lower jaw bone “
Arch Quadrants
Each arch can be divided in half creating the quadrants of the mouth
Primary (deciduous) dentition
Per Quadrant: 2 Incisors (I), 1 Canine (C), 2 Molars (M)
TWENTY TEETH IN ALL
Central incisor (1*)
The primary incisor located closest to the midline
Lateral incisor (1*) + remainder
Incisor lateral to the central incisor
-followed by canine, then first and second molars
Posterior vs anterior teeth (1*)
the first molar marks the beginning of posterior teeth
Secondary Dentition
32 teeth in all
- 2 incisors (I), 1 canine (C), 2 Premolars (P), 3 Molars (M)
- per quadrant
Premolars
(1 & 2) are positioned in a space previously occupied by primary molars
Posterior vs Anterior (2*)
Posterior = Premolars and molars Anterior = Canines and incisors
Universal numbering system
2: 1-32 starting at right maxillary 3rd molar- ending right mandibular 3rd molar
1: Starting and ending same place, but denoted as letters of the alphabet A-T
World Dental Federation Numbering System
A two digit numbering system
- 1st digit denotes arch, quadrant, and type of dentition (1-4 2* & 5-8 2*)
- 2nd Digit denotes the specific tooth’s distance from the midline (1-8: 1 being the central incisor, 8 being the 3rd molar)
Palmer Notation system
- Used by many orthodontists and oral surgeons
- utilizies four different bracket shapes to denote each of the four quadrants.
- The bracket surrounds a number or a letter which denotes the specific tooth
Enamel
95% calcium hydroxyapatite, 5% water and organic matrix
-develops from specialized epithelial cells called ameloblasts
Cementum
65% calcium hydroxyapatite, 35% organic matter, 12% water. Thinnest near the the CEJ (cervix)
-about as hard as bone, produced by cells called cementoblasts
Dentin
- Hard yellowish tissue underlying the enamel and cementum
- 70% Calcium hydroxyapatite, 18% organic matter, 12% water
- harder than cementum and less brittle than enamel
- odontoblasts located at pulp-dentin junction
Cementodentinal junction
cementum is so thin that its hard to identify the CEJ on a radiograph
Functions of dental pulp
- Formative: odontoblasts produce secondary dentin throughout the life of the tooth
- Sensory: nerves relay the sense of pain caused a plethora of stimuli, can’t distinguish
- Nutritive: BVs transport nutrients from the bloodstream to the cells of the pulp
- Defensive or protective: responds to injury or decay, lays down reparative dentin (odontoblasts)
Clinical crown
refers specifically to the visible tooth
Anatomical crown
tooth that lies superior to the CEJ
Periodontium
supporting tissues of the teeth and mouth
-surrounding alveolar bone, gingiva, periodontal ligament
Gingiva
- only part of the periodontium visible in a healthy mouth
1. Attached g.- bound to the alveolar bone
2. free g.- collar of thin gingiva that surrounds each tooth
Gingival sulcus
potential space between the tooth and the free gingiva
Gingival margin (free gingival margin)
edge of the gingiva closest to the chewing surfaces of the tooth
Interdental (interproximal) papilla
part of the margin of free gingiva that extends between the teeth
-healthy papilla comes to a point where adjacent teeth make contact
Periodontal ligament
connects cementum surface of tooth root to the alveolar bone
Proximal surfaces
are the sides of the tooth generally next to an adjacent tooth
-either distal or mesial
External Line Angle
Junction line where two tooth surfaces meet
-to name: combine the names of the two surfaces and remove the -al prefix replacing it with -o.
-order used when combining terms [mesial, distal, facial
(labial or buccal), lingual, occlusal or incisal]
Point angles
junctions of three tooth surfaces at a point
-ex: mesiobuccalocclusal point angle
3 dimensions of a tooth
mesiodistal, faciolingual, and occlusocervial ( can also be cervicoapical)
Horizontal Thirds
when viewing facial, lingual, distal, mesial
Crown: Cervical, middle, occlusal (incisal)
Root: cervical, middle, apical
Vertical thirds
when viewing facial or lingual
Crown: mesial, middle, distal
when viewing medial or distal side
Crown: Facial, middle, lingual
When view occlusal and lines running mediodistally
Crown: facial , middle, lingual
When viewi occlusal and lines running faciolingually
Crown: mesial, middle, distal
Root-to-Crown Ratio
root length divided by the crown length
- normally greater than 1
- significant since a teeth with a small root-to-crown ratio is the not the best choice for attaching and supporting false teeth
Maxillary Central Incisor
Longest Crown
Longest Tooth
maxillary Canine
Widest Crown
mandibular first molar
Narrowest Crown
mandibular central incisor
Cusp
rounded pyramid with four ridges
- Mesial (cusp) ridge
- Distal ridge
- Facial ridge
- Triangular ridge
Transverse (Oblique) Ridge
two triangular ridges joined together
Occlusal Table
Area where all chewing takes place
Mamelons
Three labial lobes that form on newly sprouted adult incisors….. usually wear away with age
Perikymata
Wave like ripples that are usually present on the in newly erupted adult teeth….. also wear away
Central grooves
are located in the buccolingual center of the tooth and run mediodistally
Fossa grooves
named for the surface or line angle they “aim” towards
Fossa(e)
shallow bowl like depressions located at the junction of grooves
- occlusal surface of posterior
- lingual surface of anterior
furcal area
space between the furcated roots
Cervical line curvature
CEJ on proximal surfaces curves towards incisal or occlusal
CEJ on facial/lingual curves towards root apex
CEJ curvature diminishes from anterior to posterior
Fissure
deepest portion of the groove that is formed when enamel does not fuse together completely
-more prone to decay, decay spreads quicker in dentin
Root axis line
An imaginary line that splits the root in half either mesiodistally or faciolingually
Height of Contour (faciolingually and proximally)
Most prominent areas of the tooth
- All teeth have height of contour in the cervical area facially BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
- Height of contours progress cervically as we move distally
- Anterior teeth never have cervical HOC on the proximal surface
Curve of Spee (Anteroposterior)
Canine to last molar
- maxillary curve is convex
- mandibular curve is concave
Curve of Wilson (Mediolateral)
- Maxillary curve is convex
- longer lingual cusp than buccal cusp
- Mandibular Curve is concave
- longer buccal cusp than lingual cusp
Ideal Occlusion
Vertical dimension in Occlusion= 57mm
-maximum intercuspation-occlusal surfaces of teeth are maximally in contact
Vertical Dimension at rest= 60mm
-Interocclusal space- space between occlusal surfaces when at rest
Ideal Occlusion Class I (most ideal) (Angle’s Classes)
Conditions:
- mesiobuccal cusp of maxillary first molar fits into mesiobuccal groove of mandibular first molar (maximal intercuspation)
- Maxillary teeth are facial to mandibular
- Buccal cusps of mandibular fit into maxillary fosse
- Lingual cusps of maxillary fit into mandibular fosse
- Lingual cusps of mandibular are lingual to maxillary
