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Anatomy and Physiology I Lecture > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics that define living organisms?

A
  1. Cell composition
  2. Metabolism
  3. Responsiveness
  4. Movement
  5. Reproduction
  6. Excretion
  7. Growth
  8. Movement
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2
Q

What are the six levels of structural organization of the body?

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissues
  4. Organs
  5. Organ system
  6. Organism
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3
Q

What is systemic anatomy?

A

Examining the human body primarily by looking at the individual organ systems.

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4
Q

What are the types of anatomy and physiology?

A
  1. Systemic Anatomy
  2. Regional Anatomy
  3. Surface Anatomy
  4. Gross Anatomy
  5. Microscopic Anatomy
  6. Histology
  7. Cytology
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5
Q

What is regional anatomy?

A

Dividing the body into regions such as the back or head and neck

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6
Q

What is surface anatomy?

A

Studying the surface markings of the body

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7
Q

What is gross anatomy?

A

Examines structures, including organs and organ systems, that can be seen with the unaided eye

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8
Q

What is microscopic anatomy?

A

Studying structures that require the aid of a microscope

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9
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of tissues; topics within the field of microscopic anatomy

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10
Q

What is cytology?

A

The study of cells

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11
Q

How are physiological specializations classified?

A

According to the organ or organ system being studied

For example, neurophysiology studies the brain and nerves

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12
Q

List the 11 organ systems.

A
  1. Cardiovascular- heart, blood vessels
  2. Respiratory- lungs, trachea, larynx, pharynx, nasal cavity
  3. Urinary- bladder, urethra, kidneys, ureters
  4. Endocrine- thyroid, pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus gland, adernal glands, pancreas
  5. Nervous- brain, spinal cord, nerves
  6. Skeletal- bones and joints
  7. Muscular- skeletal muscles
  8. Lymphatic- tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, lymphatic vessels
  9. Digestive- esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, pancreas, gall bladder, liver, mouth, salivary glands
  10. Integumentary- hair, skin, nails
  11. Reproductive- mammary glands, uterine tube, ovary, uterus, vagina, prostate gland, ductus deferens, testis, penis
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13
Q

Anterior/ Posterior

A
  • Anterior and ventral refer to the front

- Posterior and dorsal refer to the back

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14
Q

Superior/ Inferior

A
  • Superior and cranial means towards the head
  • Inferior and caudal means away from the head or towards the head
  • These terms are only used in terms of the head
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15
Q

Proximal/ Distal

A
  • Used for the limbs
  • Proximal refers to something being closer to the point of origin
  • Distal refers to being farther away or distant from the point of origin
  • Point of origin is the trunk: nearer to the trunk are proximal, farther is distal
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16
Q

Medial/ Lateral

A
  • The body’s midline is an imaginary line that runs down the middle of the body on the inside
  • Medial refers to a position that is closer to the midline
  • Lateral refers to a position farther away from the midline
17
Q

Superficial/ Deep

A
  • Superficial refers to structures that are closer to the surface of the body
  • Deep refers to those farther below
18
Q

What two regions can the body be divided into?

A
  1. Axial Region (head, neck, and trunk)

2. Appendicular Region (upper and lower limbs)

19
Q

What are the three planes of section?

A
  1. Sagittal Plane (midsaggital and parasagittal)- divides the body or body part into right and left sections
  2. Frontal Plane (coronal plane)- divides the body or body parts into anterior and posterior sections (gives front and back section)
  3. Transverse Plane (horizontal plane or cross section)- divides the body part into a superior and inferior part
20
Q

What is the axial part of the body?

A

Head, neck, and thorax

21
Q

What are the two major cavities?

A

The dorsal body cavity (back) and the ventral body cavity (front)

22
Q

What are the two sub cavities of the dorsal cavity and what do they contain?

A

Cranial Cavity- located within skull and protects the brain

Vertebral/ Spinal Cavity- within spinal column and protects spine

23
Q

What are the two divisions of the ventral cavity?

A

Thoracic Cavity (superior to the diaphragm) and Abdominopelvic Cavity (inferior to the diaphragm)

24
Q

What are the small cavities of the Thoracic cavity?

A

Pleural cavities- present left and right of each lung; located within serous membranes
Mediastinum- between the pleural cavities; house the heart, great blood vessels, and esophagus; NOT located within serous membranes
Pericardial cavity- within the mediastinum; has serous membranes; contains the heart

25
Q

What are the sub cavities of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Abdominal cavity- area from diaphragm to bony pelvis
Pelvic cavity- area within the bony pelvis
Peritoneal cavity- has serous membrane

26
Q

What is the overarching theme that all core principles relate to?

A

Homeostasis

27
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintanence of the body’s internal environment; a stable internal environment in which cells can function is needed

28
Q

How is homeostasis regulated?

A

Through feedback loops, in which a change in a regulated variable causes effects that feed back and in turn affect that same variable

29
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

When a change in a regulated variable in one direction leads to actions that cause changes in the variable in the opposite direction; is a way to maintain homeostasis

30
Q

When does a negative feedback loop occur?

A

When the regulated variable moves out of its normal range

31
Q

What is the process of a negative feedback loop?

A
  1. Regulated variable outside of normal range
  2. Stimulus sent to receptor/ sensor
  3. The control center is notified via cells of the endocrine/ nervous system that there is a change
  4. Control center sends signals to the organ/ cell called effectors
  5. This causes physiological responses that return the variable to the normal range
32
Q

What is the key difference between a negative and a positive feedback loop?

A

In the negative loop, the effector activity opposes the initial stimulus and shuts off when conditions return to normal. In a positive loop, the effectors activity usually amplifies the response

33
Q

How does a positive feedback usually occur?

A

They are usually within a negative loop. For example, when someone gets cut, platelet aggregation occurs via a positive feedback loop where platelets are continuously added to the cut but the final response is that the cut will stop bleeding, which is the opposite of blended (negative).

34
Q

How does a positive feedback loop stop?

A

In response to an external stimulus

35
Q

What is meant by form follows function?

A

The form of a structure is always such that is best suits its function
ex: blood vessels are hollow (structure) to transport blood (function)

36
Q

When is a gradient present?

A

They are present anytime more of something exists in one area than another and the two areas are connected
- Gradients drive many of our physiological processes

37
Q

What are the 4 core principles in A&P?

A
  1. Feedback loops
  2. Relationship of structure and function
  3. Gradients
  4. Cell- cell communication

Anatomy and Physiology I Lecture (4 decks)

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