Chapter 1 Flashcards
What are the characteristics that define living organisms?
- Cell composition
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness
- Movement
- Reproduction
- Excretion
- Growth
- Movement
What are the six levels of structural organization of the body?
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ system
- Organism
What is systemic anatomy?
Examining the human body primarily by looking at the individual organ systems.
What are the types of anatomy and physiology?
- Systemic Anatomy
- Regional Anatomy
- Surface Anatomy
- Gross Anatomy
- Microscopic Anatomy
- Histology
- Cytology
What is regional anatomy?
Dividing the body into regions such as the back or head and neck
What is surface anatomy?
Studying the surface markings of the body
What is gross anatomy?
Examines structures, including organs and organ systems, that can be seen with the unaided eye
What is microscopic anatomy?
Studying structures that require the aid of a microscope
What is histology?
The study of tissues; topics within the field of microscopic anatomy
What is cytology?
The study of cells
How are physiological specializations classified?
According to the organ or organ system being studied
For example, neurophysiology studies the brain and nerves
List the 11 organ systems.
- Cardiovascular- heart, blood vessels
- Respiratory- lungs, trachea, larynx, pharynx, nasal cavity
- Urinary- bladder, urethra, kidneys, ureters
- Endocrine- thyroid, pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus gland, adernal glands, pancreas
- Nervous- brain, spinal cord, nerves
- Skeletal- bones and joints
- Muscular- skeletal muscles
- Lymphatic- tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, lymphatic vessels
- Digestive- esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, pancreas, gall bladder, liver, mouth, salivary glands
- Integumentary- hair, skin, nails
- Reproductive- mammary glands, uterine tube, ovary, uterus, vagina, prostate gland, ductus deferens, testis, penis
Anterior/ Posterior
- Anterior and ventral refer to the front
- Posterior and dorsal refer to the back
Superior/ Inferior
- Superior and cranial means towards the head
- Inferior and caudal means away from the head or towards the head
- These terms are only used in terms of the head
Proximal/ Distal
- Used for the limbs
- Proximal refers to something being closer to the point of origin
- Distal refers to being farther away or distant from the point of origin
- Point of origin is the trunk: nearer to the trunk are proximal, farther is distal
Medial/ Lateral
- The body’s midline is an imaginary line that runs down the middle of the body on the inside
- Medial refers to a position that is closer to the midline
- Lateral refers to a position farther away from the midline
Superficial/ Deep
- Superficial refers to structures that are closer to the surface of the body
- Deep refers to those farther below
What two regions can the body be divided into?
- Axial Region (head, neck, and trunk)
2. Appendicular Region (upper and lower limbs)
What are the three planes of section?
- Sagittal Plane (midsaggital and parasagittal)- divides the body or body part into right and left sections
- Frontal Plane (coronal plane)- divides the body or body parts into anterior and posterior sections (gives front and back section)
- Transverse Plane (horizontal plane or cross section)- divides the body part into a superior and inferior part
What is the axial part of the body?
Head, neck, and thorax
What are the two major cavities?
The dorsal body cavity (back) and the ventral body cavity (front)
What are the two sub cavities of the dorsal cavity and what do they contain?
Cranial Cavity- located within skull and protects the brain
Vertebral/ Spinal Cavity- within spinal column and protects spine
What are the two divisions of the ventral cavity?
Thoracic Cavity (superior to the diaphragm) and Abdominopelvic Cavity (inferior to the diaphragm)
What are the small cavities of the Thoracic cavity?
Pleural cavities- present left and right of each lung; located within serous membranes
Mediastinum- between the pleural cavities; house the heart, great blood vessels, and esophagus; NOT located within serous membranes
Pericardial cavity- within the mediastinum; has serous membranes; contains the heart
What are the sub cavities of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Abdominal cavity- area from diaphragm to bony pelvis
Pelvic cavity- area within the bony pelvis
Peritoneal cavity- has serous membrane
What is the overarching theme that all core principles relate to?
Homeostasis
What is homeostasis?
The maintanence of the body’s internal environment; a stable internal environment in which cells can function is needed
How is homeostasis regulated?
Through feedback loops, in which a change in a regulated variable causes effects that feed back and in turn affect that same variable
What is a negative feedback loop?
When a change in a regulated variable in one direction leads to actions that cause changes in the variable in the opposite direction; is a way to maintain homeostasis
When does a negative feedback loop occur?
When the regulated variable moves out of its normal range
What is the process of a negative feedback loop?
- Regulated variable outside of normal range
- Stimulus sent to receptor/ sensor
- The control center is notified via cells of the endocrine/ nervous system that there is a change
- Control center sends signals to the organ/ cell called effectors
- This causes physiological responses that return the variable to the normal range
What is the key difference between a negative and a positive feedback loop?
In the negative loop, the effector activity opposes the initial stimulus and shuts off when conditions return to normal. In a positive loop, the effectors activity usually amplifies the response
How does a positive feedback usually occur?
They are usually within a negative loop. For example, when someone gets cut, platelet aggregation occurs via a positive feedback loop where platelets are continuously added to the cut but the final response is that the cut will stop bleeding, which is the opposite of blended (negative).
How does a positive feedback loop stop?
In response to an external stimulus
What is meant by form follows function?
The form of a structure is always such that is best suits its function
ex: blood vessels are hollow (structure) to transport blood (function)
When is a gradient present?
They are present anytime more of something exists in one area than another and the two areas are connected
- Gradients drive many of our physiological processes
What are the 4 core principles in A&P?
- Feedback loops
- Relationship of structure and function
- Gradients
- Cell- cell communication
