Chapter 1

Question 1

Prokaryotes

Answer 1

Single celled organisms with no nucleus. Bacteria and Archaea

Question 2

Eukaryotes

Answer 2

Single-celled organisms with a nucleus and organelles

Question 3

Photosynthesis

Answer 3

Bacteria carried this out before plants. Today photosynthetic organisms (bacteria and algae) account for more than 70% of the earths photosynthesis

Question 4

Decomposition

Answer 4

Microorganisms help breakdown dead matter and waste into single compounds that can be directed back into the cycle of living things

Question 5

Biotechnology

Answer 5

When humans manipulate microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting

Question 6

Genetic Engineering

Answer 6

An area of biotechnology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants & animals for the purpose of creating new products and GMOs (genetically modified organisms)

Question 7

Recombinant DNA Technology

Answer 7

A technique for designing GMOs. Makes it possible to transfer genetic material from one organism to another and deliberately alter DNA

Question 8

Bioremediation

Answer 8

Involves intro of microbes into environment to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants (eg oil spills)

Question 9

Environmental Microbiology

Answer 9

Study of microbes on water, soil etc

Question 10

Industrial Microbiology

Answer 10

Safeguards our food and water and inc biotechnology for food, beer, drugs etc

Question 11

Food Microbiology

Answer 11

microbes are used to make or preserve food products (yogurt, salami, cheese)

Question 12

Agricultural Microbiology

Answer 12

concerned with relationships between microbes and domestic animals

Question 13

Microbial Diseases

Answer 13

Respiratory infections - TOP KILLER of infectious diseases in world
Malaria
Flu/Pneumonia
HIV
TB

Question 14

Bacteriology

Answer 14

Study of prokaryotes

Question 15

Mycology

Answer 15

Study of fungus

Question 16

Phycology

Answer 16

Study of algae

Question 17

Protozoology

Answer 17

Study of protozoa

Question 18

Virology

Answer 18

Study of viruses (eg HIV)

Question 19

Immunology

Answer 19

Study of immune system

Question 20

Hooke

Answer 20

English, 1960s, may have been first to see microorganisms. Coined the word “cell”

Question 21

Leeuwenhoek

Answer 21

Dutch, 1680s, was first person to accurately describe living microbes. Used simple, handheld, microscope. No condensor on these first microscopes!

Question 22

Abiogenesis

Answer 22

a= without, bio=life, genesis= beginning
It was thought life could appear from nonliving things
Aristotle 400 BC favored spontaneous generation

Question 23

Biogenesis

Answer 23

Others thought life originated from other life

Question 24

Redi

Answer 24

1660s - disproved spontaneous generation of maggots using the dishes of meat

Question 25

Joblot

Answer 25

1700s, boiled hay infusions, one covered, one not. Open container became cloudy, other stayed clear

Question 26

Schulze & Schwann

Answer 26

1800s, treated incoming gas with heat or chemicals - boiled broth media had no growth in it

Question 27

Pasteur

Answer 27

Mid-1800s, used swan necked flasks so particles would settle at bottom of neck. No growth in undisturbed flasks, but rapid growth in broken neck flasks Also invented pasteurization AND the beginning of the germ theory of disease

Question 28

Oliver Wendell Holmes

Answer 28

1830s - observed puerperal fever and realized mothers who gave birth at home had less infections than those at hospital (before germ theory)

Question 29

Semmelweiss

Answer 29

1840s - showed clearly that more women became infected by physicians coming from autopsy room than those with midwives. Enforced hand washing with chlorinated lime solution (also before germ theory)

Question 30

Joseph Lister

Answer 30

1860s - applied germ theory to treatment & prevention of disease and used carbolic acid (phenol) to clean hands, wounds & operating rooms. First to initiate aseptic technique

Question 31

Robert Koch

Answer 31

Pasteur's contemporary established "Koch's Postulates" - series of criteria that verified germ theory. Could establish whether organism was pathogenic and which disease it caused. Isolated microorganism and grew them in agar (first to do this) Used his system to prove anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis

Question 32

Taxonomy

Answer 32

Classification of living things, started by Carl Von Linne

Question 33

Nomenclature

Answer 33

assignment of scientific names. Note: Every organism has binomial designation. Combination of generic genus name and specific species name. Capitalize genus name and species is lower case. ALL ITALICS eg Escherichia Coli

Question 34

Levels of Classification

Answer 34

``` "Kings Play Chess on Fine Green Satin" All start with Domain, then: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species ```

Question 35

The Five Kingdom Model

Answer 35

``` Robert Whittaker: Animals Plants Fungi Protists Monera (bacteria and archaea) ```

Question 36

Woese-Fox System

Answer 36

Made up of three domains Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya

Question 37

John Tyndall

Answer 37

1870s - provided initial evidence that some microbes had very high heat resistance

Question 38

Ferdinand Cohn

Answer 38

1870s - discovery of endospores clarified reason that heat would sometimes fail to eliminate microbes. Word sterile was established from this point