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NS Ch 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Genomics

A

Analysis of complete DNA sequences, both coding & regulatory, for a species

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2
Q

Genes in human genome

A

20,000

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3
Q

Genes related to brain in numans

A

14,000

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4
Q

Brain expressed genes

A

6,000

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5
Q

The 4 model species used for study of neuroscience and genetics

A

Nematode worm, fruit fly drosophila, , zebrafish, and the mouse (like humans, a majority of their. Amenable to genetic and genomic manipulations.

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6
Q

Electron Microscopy

A

Allowed scientists to see that neuron was a single unit

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7
Q

Histology

A

The study of microscopic parts of animal/plant cell and tissue

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8
Q

Cells of nervous system fit into 2 broad categories

A

Neurons (Nerve Cells) and Glial Cells

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9
Q

Glial Cells

A

Support neurons (nerve cells). Repair damaged cells (act as stem cells)

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10
Q

Mitochondria located

A

Mostly synapses

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11
Q

Protein-synthetic organelles like Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Excluded from axons/dendrites.

Cell body.

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12
Q

Estimated neurons in brain

A

10 E 11

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13
Q

Cortical Pyramidal Cell

A

Cortex, amygdala, hippocampus. Pyramidal shaped body. Apical dendrite and basal dendrites.

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14
Q

Cerebellar Purkinje Cells

A

Single, highly branched apical dendrite. Cerebellum. Largest neurons. Domino stacked. GABAergic. Inhibitory. Motor function.

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15
Q

Ribosomes

A

Heavily concentrated in dendrites

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16
Q

Dendrites

A

Primary targets for synaptic input from axon terminals. High concentration of ribosomes. Special cytoskeleton.

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17
Q

Convergence in relation to a neurons inputs?

A

Number of inputs received by a single neuron. Lots of dendrite branches, lots of input

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18
Q

Divergence in relation to neuron’s inputs

A

Number of targets innervated by any one single neuron.

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19
Q

Fundamental purpose of neurons

A

to relay and integrate information

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20
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

Chemical AND electrical processes by which the information encoded by AP is passed on at synaptic contacts to target cells

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21
Q

Glia cells vs Neurons

A

Glia are more numerous than neurons (3 to 1)

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22
Q

Four classes of glial cells in CNS:

A
  1. Oligodendrocytes (Schwann Cells in PNS) - make myelin, which are laminate lipid layer on axon.
  2. Astrocytes - start shaped, maintain chemical environment for neurons. Stem cell ability.
  3. Microglia - macrophages. Repair & destroy., secrete cytokines, hematopoietic are their precursor
  4. Glial stem cells - Astrocyte type can differentiate into all types including neurons, Oligodendrocyte is more limited
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23
Q

Nissl Substance

A

Composed of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. In neuron body. Granules. Protein synthesis.

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24
Q

Nissl Stain

A

Stains nucleolus where DNA and RNA found.

25
Q

Neuropil

A

Where majority of synaptic activity occurs. Synaptic connections (axons, dendrites, glial cells). Region btwn nerve cell bodies.

26
Q

What are the basic constituents of all neural circuits?

A

Afferent neurons, efferent neurons, and interneurons

27
Q

Myotatic Reflex

A

Knee-jerk reflex

28
Q

Neurons have unique cytoskeleton.

Tau is found only where?

A

Tau found in axons only. Microtubule binding protein.

29
Q

Tubulin found where in neurons?

A

Dendrites, cell body, and axons

30
Q

Where is actin found?

A

Localized to the growing tips at end of dendrites and axons

31
Q

Electrophysiological Recording

A

Measures electrical activity of a nerve cell.
Extracellular Recording - activity of a nerve cell, temporal patterns of APs
Intracellular Recording - detects smaller, graded electric potential that trigger AP

32
Q

Organization of Human Nerve System: what are the three broad neural systems?

A
  1. Sensory system - receive and process info from environment
  2. Motor system - respond to such info from environment by generating movement and other behavior
  3. Associational systems - lie between motor and sensory systems, mediate most complex and least characterized brain functions
33
Q

Associational Systems

A

Not motor system, not sensory system, in between these two and more complex

34
Q

Ganglia

A

Local accumulations of neuronal cell bodies (and supporting cells) of the peripheral nervous system

35
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of peripheral axons (PNS), many enveloped by Schwann cells (glial cells)

36
Q

Neurons in CNS are organized into:

A
  1. Nuclei (local accumulations of neurons w similar connections and functions)
  2. Cortex (sheet like array of neurons; cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres)
37
Q

Tracts

A

Axons of neurons in CNS. Commissures are tracts that cross midline of brain

38
Q

Gray Matter

A

Cell bodies + neuropil (nuclei and cortices) in brain and spinal cord

39
Q

White Matter

A

Axon tracts and commissures (light color due to lipid content in myelin)

40
Q

What do the peripheral motor neurons in autonomic ganglia innervate?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (involuntary)

41
Q

Motor System > Autonomic > Sympathetic: location of ganglia?

A

Autonomic ganglia lie along or in front of the vertebral column and send their axons to peripheral targets

42
Q

Motor System > Autonomic > Parasympathetic: location of ganglia?

A

Within or next to the visceral organ they innervate

43
Q

Enteric Motor System

A

Another component of the visceral motor system (parasympathetic, sympathetic, enteric)

44
Q

Peripheral system is divided how?

A
  1. Peripheral Sensory Neurons (afferent)
  2. Peripheral Motor Neurons (Efferent) a. somatic motor division (skeletal) b.autonomic motor division (visceral: cardiac, smooth, glands)
45
Q

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic are part of what division?

A

Autonomic/Visceral Motor Neurons (efferent)

46
Q

How is the Peripheral Nervous System most broadly divided?

A

Motor and Sensory Components

Efferent and Afferent

47
Q

How is the PNS > Motor component divided?

A

Autonomic (Visceral) and Somatic (Skeletal)

48
Q

Difference in location of autonomic ganglia btwn parasympathetic and sympathetic?

A

Parasympathetic ganglia located within or adjacent to visceral organ.
Sympathetic ganglia located in front of or along vertebral column.

49
Q

Topographic maps vs Computational Maps

A

1) Topographic maps reflect point-to-point correspondence btwn sensory periphery and neighboring neurons w/n central components of the system (in CNS), discriminating neighboring points in a field (visual field, body surface touch)
2) Computational maps: compare, assess, and integrate multiple stimulus attributes (e.g., number and configuration of odorant molecules to determine the source and nature of a smell)

50
Q

Lesion studies

A

studying damaged region of brain (nerves, tracts) to observe corresponding loss of function

51
Q

MRI

A

(brain structure imaging, as opposed to function) Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
Safe. Radiowaves and Magnetic Field are harmless.
Uses different realignment rates of hydrogen in water molecules that correspond to different tissues (cerebrospinal fluid, gray matter, white matter etc).
Versatile.

52
Q

CT

A

Brain structure imaging (as opposed to functional imagin) Computerized Tomography. Slice of brain. Uses X-ray beam. Limited ration exposure (as opposed to X-Ray film).

53
Q

fMRI

A

Functional MRI. Emerged as technology of choice for detected the structure and FUNCTION of brain. Magnetic resonance properties of hydrogen distorted slightly by hemoglobin w oxygen. So when part of brain performs task, oxygenated blood rushes to region distorting hydrogen. Uses signals INTRINSIC to brain so repeated observations possible, unlike PET and SPECT

54
Q

PET

A

(type of functional imaging) Positron Emission Tomorgraphy. Insert unstable positron emitting isotopes. As unstable isotope decays, gamma ray detectors react and make images of tissue isotope density showing location of active regions. (isotopes are inserted in glucose, water, neurotransmitter precursors, blood etc)

55
Q

SPECT

A

Single-Photon Emission Computerized TOmography. (Functional Brain Imaging.) Injection/inhalation of radiolabeled compound which produce photons that are detectable by gamma camera moving rapidly around head.

56
Q

MEG

A

Functional Imaging. Magnetoencephalography. Best temporal resolution (better than fMRI). Measures magnetic consequence of brain electric activity rather than electrical signals themselves. LACKS anatomical detail.

57
Q

MSI

A

Magnetic Source Imaging. Since MEG lacks anatomical imaging. MEG is often combines with MRI.

58
Q

Electrophysiological Records vs Functional Brain Imaginging

A

Electrophysiogoical Recording is invasive, need exposure to a neuron and can resolve electrical activity of a single neuron.
Functional Brain imaging cannot resolve electrical activity of a single neuron, but it can record local METABOLIC activity and it is non-invasive.

59
Q

Reporter gene

A

Genetic engineering. Reporter Gene codes for some visualizable substance (e.g., green fluorescent protein) and inserted into genome under control of a cell type-specific promoter

NS Ch 1 (4 decks)

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