Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NS Ch 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Genomics

A

Analysis of complete DNA sequences, both coding & regulatory, for a species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Genes in human genome

A

20,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Genes related to brain in numans

A

14,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Brain expressed genes

A

6,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The 4 model species used for study of neuroscience and genetics

A

Nematode worm, fruit fly drosophila, , zebrafish, and the mouse (like humans, a majority of their. Amenable to genetic and genomic manipulations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Electron Microscopy

A

Allowed scientists to see that neuron was a single unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Histology

A

The study of microscopic parts of animal/plant cell and tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cells of nervous system fit into 2 broad categories

A

Neurons (Nerve Cells) and Glial Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Glial Cells

A

Support neurons (nerve cells). Repair damaged cells (act as stem cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mitochondria located

A

Mostly synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Protein-synthetic organelles like Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Excluded from axons/dendrites.

Cell body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Estimated neurons in brain

A

10 E 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cortical Pyramidal Cell

A

Cortex, amygdala, hippocampus. Pyramidal shaped body. Apical dendrite and basal dendrites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cerebellar Purkinje Cells

A

Single, highly branched apical dendrite. Cerebellum. Largest neurons. Domino stacked. GABAergic. Inhibitory. Motor function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ribosomes

A

Heavily concentrated in dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dendrites

A

Primary targets for synaptic input from axon terminals. High concentration of ribosomes. Special cytoskeleton.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Convergence in relation to a neurons inputs?

A

Number of inputs received by a single neuron. Lots of dendrite branches, lots of input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Divergence in relation to neuron’s inputs

A

Number of targets innervated by any one single neuron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Fundamental purpose of neurons

A

to relay and integrate information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

Chemical AND electrical processes by which the information encoded by AP is passed on at synaptic contacts to target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Glia cells vs Neurons

A

Glia are more numerous than neurons (3 to 1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Four classes of glial cells in CNS:

A
  1. Oligodendrocytes (Schwann Cells in PNS) - make myelin, which are laminate lipid layer on axon.
  2. Astrocytes - start shaped, maintain chemical environment for neurons. Stem cell ability.
  3. Microglia - macrophages. Repair & destroy., secrete cytokines, hematopoietic are their precursor
  4. Glial stem cells - Astrocyte type can differentiate into all types including neurons, Oligodendrocyte is more limited
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Nissl Substance

A

Composed of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. In neuron body. Granules. Protein synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Nissl Stain

A

Stains nucleolus where DNA and RNA found.

25
Neuropil
Where majority of synaptic activity occurs. Synaptic connections (axons, dendrites, glial cells). Region btwn nerve cell bodies.
26
What are the basic constituents of all neural circuits?
Afferent neurons, efferent neurons, and interneurons
27
Myotatic Reflex
Knee-jerk reflex
28
Neurons have unique cytoskeleton. | Tau is found only where?
Tau found in axons only. Microtubule binding protein.
29
Tubulin found where in neurons?
Dendrites, cell body, and axons
30
Where is actin found?
Localized to the growing tips at end of dendrites and axons
31
Electrophysiological Recording
Measures electrical activity of a nerve cell. Extracellular Recording - activity of a nerve cell, temporal patterns of APs Intracellular Recording - detects smaller, graded electric potential that trigger AP
32
Organization of Human Nerve System: what are the three broad neural systems?
1. Sensory system - receive and process info from environment 2. Motor system - respond to such info from environment by generating movement and other behavior 3. Associational systems - lie between motor and sensory systems, mediate most complex and least characterized brain functions
33
Associational Systems
Not motor system, not sensory system, in between these two and more complex
34
Ganglia
Local accumulations of neuronal cell bodies (and supporting cells) of the peripheral nervous system
35
Nerves
Bundles of peripheral axons (PNS), many enveloped by Schwann cells (glial cells)
36
Neurons in CNS are organized into:
1. Nuclei (local accumulations of neurons w similar connections and functions) 2. Cortex (sheet like array of neurons; cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres)
37
Tracts
Axons of neurons in CNS. Commissures are tracts that cross midline of brain
38
Gray Matter
Cell bodies + neuropil (nuclei and cortices) in brain and spinal cord
39
White Matter
Axon tracts and commissures (light color due to lipid content in myelin)
40
What do the peripheral motor neurons in autonomic ganglia innervate?
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (involuntary)
41
Motor System > Autonomic > Sympathetic: location of ganglia?
Autonomic ganglia lie along or in front of the vertebral column and send their axons to peripheral targets
42
Motor System > Autonomic > Parasympathetic: location of ganglia?
Within or next to the visceral organ they innervate
43
Enteric Motor System
Another component of the visceral motor system (parasympathetic, sympathetic, enteric)
44
Peripheral system is divided how?
1. Peripheral Sensory Neurons (afferent) 2. Peripheral Motor Neurons (Efferent) a. somatic motor division (skeletal) b.autonomic motor division (visceral: cardiac, smooth, glands)
45
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic are part of what division?
Autonomic/Visceral Motor Neurons (efferent)
46
How is the Peripheral Nervous System most broadly divided?
Motor and Sensory Components Efferent and Afferent
47
How is the PNS > Motor component divided?
Autonomic (Visceral) and Somatic (Skeletal)
48
Difference in location of autonomic ganglia btwn parasympathetic and sympathetic?
Parasympathetic ganglia located within or adjacent to visceral organ. Sympathetic ganglia located in front of or along vertebral column.
49
Topographic maps vs Computational Maps
1) Topographic maps reflect point-to-point correspondence btwn sensory periphery and neighboring neurons w/n central components of the system (in CNS), discriminating neighboring points in a field (visual field, body surface touch) 2) Computational maps: compare, assess, and integrate multiple stimulus attributes (e.g., number and configuration of odorant molecules to determine the source and nature of a smell)
50
Lesion studies
studying damaged region of brain (nerves, tracts) to observe corresponding loss of function
51
MRI
(brain structure imaging, as opposed to function) Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Safe. Radiowaves and Magnetic Field are harmless. Uses different realignment rates of hydrogen in water molecules that correspond to different tissues (cerebrospinal fluid, gray matter, white matter etc). Versatile.
52
CT
Brain structure imaging (as opposed to functional imagin) Computerized Tomography. Slice of brain. Uses X-ray beam. Limited ration exposure (as opposed to X-Ray film).
53
fMRI
Functional MRI. Emerged as technology of choice for detected the structure and FUNCTION of brain. Magnetic resonance properties of hydrogen distorted slightly by hemoglobin w oxygen. So when part of brain performs task, oxygenated blood rushes to region distorting hydrogen. Uses signals INTRINSIC to brain so repeated observations possible, unlike PET and SPECT
54
PET
(type of functional imaging) Positron Emission Tomorgraphy. Insert unstable positron emitting isotopes. As unstable isotope decays, gamma ray detectors react and make images of tissue isotope density showing location of active regions. (isotopes are inserted in glucose, water, neurotransmitter precursors, blood etc)
55
SPECT
Single-Photon Emission Computerized TOmography. (Functional Brain Imaging.) Injection/inhalation of radiolabeled compound which produce photons that are detectable by gamma camera moving rapidly around head.
56
MEG
Functional Imaging. Magnetoencephalography. Best temporal resolution (better than fMRI). Measures magnetic consequence of brain electric activity rather than electrical signals themselves. LACKS anatomical detail.
57
MSI
Magnetic Source Imaging. Since MEG lacks anatomical imaging. MEG is often combines with MRI.
58
Electrophysiological Records vs Functional Brain Imaginging
Electrophysiogoical Recording is invasive, need exposure to a neuron and can resolve electrical activity of a single neuron. Functional Brain imaging cannot resolve electrical activity of a single neuron, but it can record local METABOLIC activity and it is non-invasive.
59
Reporter gene
Genetic engineering. Reporter Gene codes for some visualizable substance (e.g., green fluorescent protein) and inserted into genome under control of a cell type-specific promoter

NS Ch 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions