Chapter 1-5 Flashcards
What are the six characteristics of life?
- ) Complex and ordered
- )Maintain internal balance (homeostasis)
- )Can grow, develop and reproduce.
- )maintain or use energy (metabolism)
- )Respond to their environment (sensitivity)
- ) Allow for evolutionary adaption
What is the Hierarchical Organization Of Living Systems?
Cellular, Organismal, Populational, Ecosystem, Biosphere
Cellular Level consists of?
Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells (cell=basic unit of life)
Organismal Level consists of?
Tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms.
Define Discovery Science
Uses observations and measurements to describe science.
Define Hypothesis-based Science
Uses the data from discovery science to explain science. It requires a hypothesis.
Define Hypothesis
A proposed question, not yet tested.
Define Theory
Never yet disproven, tested many times, large growing body of evidence.
The Process of Science
- ) Observation
- )Question
- ) Hypothesis
- )Experiment (experimental design of a controlled experiment)
- ) Prediction
- )Data Collection
- ) Analysis
- )Rejection/Support of Hypothesis
Define Evolution
Change in a population over time
Define mechanism and name one that is important to evolution.
- )How something happens.
2. ) Natural Selection
Define Natural Selection
the strongest survive, pass on genes
What were Darwin’s observations on evolution?
- ) Individuals have traits that very.
- ) Traits are heritable.
- )More offspring are produced than survive.
- )Competition is inevitable.
- )Species generally suit their environment.
Darwin inferred that?
- ) Individuals that are more suited for their environment were more likely to survive and reproduce.
- )Over time, more individuals in a population will have the advantageous traits.
- ) The environment acts as a selective force.
Evidence that supports Darwin’s theory are?
Earths age, Fossil record, Mechanism for heredity, comparative anatomy, molecular evidence.
Define Cell Theory
- ) All organisms are composed of cells
- )Cells are life’s basic units
- )All cells come from preexisting cells.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- ) DNA
- )Gene
- ) Genome
Define Gene
discrete unit of information
Define Genome
entire set of DNA instructions
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Define Bacteria
single celled prokaryote (no nucleolus), most ancient lineage
Define Archaea
single celled prokaryote, evolutionarily closer to eukaryotes
Define Eukarya
single celled or multicellular eukaryote(with nucleolus)
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi and Protista are?
Four Kingdoms
Anything that takes up space and has mass?
Matter
Matter is made up of what?
Elements
A substance that cannot be broken down into another substance by chemical reactions?
Element
An element that only has one type of atom?
Pure element
A substance that consists of two or more different elements?
Compound
Positively charged particles, located in the atomic nucleolus?
Protons
Define Neutrons
Neutral particles, located in atomic nucleus.
Negatively charged particles, found in orbitals surrounding the nucleolus?
Electrons
Different atomic forms of the same element?
Isotopes
Atomic Number
Number of protons in an atom of a particular element.
of protons + # of neutrons?
Mass number
What two things does the Atomic Number tell us?
number of protons
number of neutrons
neutral atom: number of protons = number of electrons
What is an Isotope?
Same element but in a different atomic form.
Have different number of neutrons and atomic mass.
What is a radio active Isotope?
It spontaneously decays and releases energy.
Useful examples of radio active Isotopes?
Tagging molecules to diagnose diseases
Biochemistry research
Radioactive Dating Fossils
Dangers of radio active Isotopes?
Damage to biological molecules. ‘
Cancer
Acute poisoning
Chemical behavior is determined by?
Electrons
Electron Arrangement:
What is it about electrons that is so important?
- ) the number of electrons in an atom
2. )the arrangement of the electrons in their orbitals
Electrons in discrete orbits are?
Bohr model
The area around a nucleolus where an electron is most likely to be found?
Orbital
No orbital can contain more than two of what?
electrons
What determines potential energy of an atom?
The position of the electrons.
Farther from the nucleolus = more energy.
What is occurring as you move to the right of the periodic table?
You are gaining electrons
What is occurring as you move down the periodic table?
You gain an orbital
What four elements(organic molecules) make up the human body?
CHON= carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
What is a Valence Shell?
The outer most shell of an atom.
What is the most influential form of an electron?
Valence electrons
What happens when a Valence shell becomes full?
The shell is chemically unreactive.
Which column in the periodic table has filled Valence shells?
Halogens- the farthest column to the right.
What is the definition of Oxidation?
the loss of and electron
What is a Redox reaction?
A loss or gain of an electron.
What is reduction?
The gain of an electron.
What are two types of chemical bonds?
Ionic and Covalent
Ionic Bonds are formed by what?
oppositely charged ions.
Do Ionic bonds share electrons?
No, they steal them.
What is the result of an Ionic bond?
A positively charged and negatively charged atom.
EX: Na+ Cl-
Do covalent bonds share electrons?
Yes.
Name the bond that forms when two or more valence electrons are being shared between atoms.
covalent bond
What is the Octet Rule?
There must be a full outer shell with eight electrons and no unpaired electrons.
when is the octet rule used?
When forming covalent bonds.
What are polar covalent bonds?
unequal sharing of electrons.
Electronegativity is
The atoms affinity for electrons.
Differences in electronegativity determine how the electrons are distributed.
What are nonpolar covalent bonds?
equal sharing of electrons.
What is a reactant?
it is the original molecule.
What is a product of a chemical reaction?
molecules resulting from the reaction.
Chemical reactions are influenced by what?
- ) Temp
- )Concentration of reactants and products
- )catalyst (enzymes)
Hydrogen Bonds. Polar or Nonpolar?
Highly polar, bc the electrons are unequally distributed.
bc oxygen highly electronegativity.
What is cohesion?
Responsible for surface tension in hydrogen bonds.
What does adhesion do in hydrogen bonding?
The polarity of water causes it to be attracted to other polar substances.
Three facts about hydrogen bonds…
- ) Cohesion of water leads o surface tension.
- ) Adhesion makes water want polar substances.
- ) Hydrogen bonds are weak but produce other hydrogen bonds easily.
Five properties of water?
High specific heat high heat of vaporization solid water is less dense that liquid water water is a good solvent water can form ions
What is an Acid?
A substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen and is lower in pH.
What is a base?
Substance that decreases the concentration of hydrogen to make it less acidic.
Key neutralizer in our body?
Biological buffer
What is the goal of buffers?
To resist pH change.
What do Biological buffers do? What do they consist of?
consist of acid and conjugate base in order to release H+ when a base is added or absorb H+ when an acid is added.
Do all pH buffers bring a solution to neutral.
No they do not.
“Water Loving”
Philic
“H20 Fearing”
Phobic
Functions of the Phospholipid Bilayer?
- ) encloses cytoplasm
2. ) Barrier to permeability.
What are the main components of Cellular membranes
- ) Phospholipid Layer
- )Transmembrane proteins (integral)
- ) Interior protein network
- )Cell surface markers
What are the sections of the Transmembrane (integral) protein?
some are fixed, some are free floating
Many functions including transport and communication
What are he actions of the Interior Protein Network? (peripheral membrane proteins)
Help anchor integral proteins, contribute to cell shape.
