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Psych 2 Exam 1 > Chapter 1-5 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientific Method

A

specifying the conditions under which we make our observations, observing in a systematic/orderly way and accepting/rejecting alternative explanations of behaviors not the basis of what we observe

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2
Q

Commonsense Psychology

A

Non scientific data gathered that shapes our expectations towards others

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3
Q

Example of Commonsense Psych

A

“Opposites Attract”

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4
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Once we believe something we tend to overlook instances that might go against what we believe

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5
Q

Example of confirmation bias

A

“Asian cuts you off” “Looking at the clock at 11:11”

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6
Q

Overconfidence Bias

A

We tend to feel more correct than we really are

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7
Q

Gamblers Fallacy

A

People are not very good at using data to estimate the true probabilities

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8
Q

Empirical data

A

Observable or experienced

Can be proven or disproven through investigation

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9
Q

Law

A

General principles that explain our universe and predict events

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10
Q

Theory

A

General principle or rules that can be used to predict new examples of behavior

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11
Q

Parsimony

A

Keep theories simple using useful explanation

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12
Q

Occam Razor

A

Entities should not be multiplied without necessity

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13
Q

Experimentation

A

Process we use to test the predictions we call hypothesis and establish cause-and-effect relationships/ test a hypothesis
Must be objective

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14
Q

Independent Variable

A

Changes & measures the effect of the dependent variable [subject behavior]

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15
Q

Dependable Variable

A

What changes [antecedent conditons]

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16
Q

Antecedent Conditions

A

Circumstances before the event or behavior that we want to explain

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17
Q

Imposition of Units

A

How much you limit a subjects responses on dependent variable
T/F Questions, 1-7 Limited

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18
Q

Random Assignment

A

Experiments to ensure that each participant has the same opportunity to be assigned to any given group.

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19
Q

Internal Validity

A

The degree to which a researcher cane establish a casual relationship between the independent and dependent variables

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20
Q

External Validity

A

The degree to which research findings can be generalized to other settings & individuals

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21
Q

Example of external validity

A

Your sample represents entire population

*Broad example

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22
Q

Phenomenological Approach

A

Involves a subject description of personal subjective experience
-Low in manipulation of antecedent conditions and low in imposition of units

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23
Q

Participant Observer Study

A

Involves field observation in which the researcher is pat of the studied group
*have to blend in

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24
Q

Falsifiability

A

Can be proven false

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25
Q

Generalizability

A

When we take people out of their natural environment and study them in the lab, we are exerting some control over them and, as a result, possibly limiting how much we can generalize the findings to all people in natural settings.

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26
Q

Random Assignments

A

The technique of assigning subjects to treatments so that each subject has an equal chance of being assigned to each treatment condition

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27
Q

Internal Validity

A

refers to whether the effects observed in a study are due to the manipulation of the independent variable and not some other factor

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28
Q

External Validity

A

refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other settings (ecological validity), other people (population validity) and over time (historical validity).

29
Q

How can External Validity be improved?

A

Natural Setting

Random Sampling

30
Q

Construct

A

covariation that is attributed to the observed behaviours

31
Q

Example of Construct

A

Biting nails –> Test anxiety

32
Q

Concurrent Validity

A

Validity is a measure of how well a particular test correlates with a previously validated measure

33
Q

Face Validity

A

as the degree to which a test seems to measure what it reports to measure.

34
Q

Case Study

A

Single individuals experiences or behaviors kept by an outside observer
-impact of events

35
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Observing behavior as they occur spontaneously in natural setting

36
Q

Phenomenology

A

Description of ones immediate experience used for data

37
Q

Participant Observer

A

Researcher may interact with subjects as well as observe them to obtain information

38
Q

Content Analysis

A

its most common form it is a technique that allows a researcher to take qualitative data and to transform it into quantitative data (numerical data)

39
Q

Reactivity

A

is a phenomenon that occurs when individuals alter their performance or behavior due to the awareness that they are being observed.

40
Q

Closed Questions

A

Answered by one of a limited number of alternatives

41
Q

Open Ended Questions

A

Solicit information about opinions and feelings

-More than yes or no

42
Q

Exhaustive

A

Contain all possible options

43
Q

Double-Barreled

A

Ask for responses about two or more different ideas in a question
“Strawberries & Crème”

44
Q

Ambiguous

A

having no intrinsic or objective meaning; not organized in conventional

45
Q

Ordinal Scale

A

Measures the magnitude of the dependent variable using ranks but does not assign precise value

46
Q

Example of ordinal scale

A

List of favorite artist - liking one more than another

47
Q

Interval Scale

A

Measures magnitude or quantitative size using equal intervals between values

48
Q

Ratio Scale

A

Highest level of measurement

-Measures physical properties like weight

49
Q

Nominal

A

Simplest level of measurement T/F

50
Q

Value Laden

A

Wording a question that may impact their response positive or negative

51
Q

Yea-Sayers

A

Agree with a question regardless of question

-Tapping pencil no noise

52
Q

Nay-sayers

A

Disagree no matter what they are asked

53
Q

Context effects

A

position of question influences how question is interpreted

54
Q

Social Desirability

A

Answering based on what is socially acceptable

55
Q

Cluster Sampling

A

sample entire clusters that exist within a population

56
Q

Quota Sampling

A

reflect a population but not selected at random

57
Q

Convenience Sampling

A

using groups who happen to be available

58
Q

Snowball Sampling

A

nonprobability sampling, finds a sample who fit criteria & they lead to more people [vegans]

59
Q

Correlation Studies

A

Determines the correlation or degree of a relationship between two traits behaviors or events

60
Q

Pearson Correlation

A

Most common

Positive, Negative, No correlation

61
Q

Scatterplots

A

visual representations of the scores belonging to each subject in the study

62
Q

Longitudinal

A

Long term studies
Used mostly in studies with growth and development
Take place over long period of time

63
Q

Regression lines

A

Lines that illustrate the mathematical equation between two measured scores

64
Q

Quasi Experimental

A

Lack manipulation of antecedents or random assignment to treatment conditions

65
Q

What are Quasi Experiments used for?

A

Changes over time on the same subjects

66
Q

Ex Post facto study

A

Research in which we choose subjects based on a pre-existing condition.

67
Q

Cross Sectional Studies

A

Subjects who are already at different stages are compared at a single point in time

68
Q

Pretest/Post

A

Research design used to assess whether the occurrence of an event alters behavior; scores are taken before & after event

Psych 2 Exam 1 (1 decks)

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