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Psych 2 Exam 1 > Chapter 1-5 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific Method

A

specifying the conditions under which we make our observations, observing in a systematic/orderly way and accepting/rejecting alternative explanations of behaviors not the basis of what we observe

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2
Q

Commonsense Psychology

A

Non scientific data gathered that shapes our expectations towards others

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3
Q

Example of Commonsense Psych

A

“Opposites Attract”

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4
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Once we believe something we tend to overlook instances that might go against what we believe

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5
Q

Example of confirmation bias

A

“Asian cuts you off” “Looking at the clock at 11:11”

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6
Q

Overconfidence Bias

A

We tend to feel more correct than we really are

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7
Q

Gamblers Fallacy

A

People are not very good at using data to estimate the true probabilities

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8
Q

Empirical data

A

Observable or experienced

Can be proven or disproven through investigation

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9
Q

Law

A

General principles that explain our universe and predict events

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10
Q

Theory

A

General principle or rules that can be used to predict new examples of behavior

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11
Q

Parsimony

A

Keep theories simple using useful explanation

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12
Q

Occam Razor

A

Entities should not be multiplied without necessity

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13
Q

Experimentation

A

Process we use to test the predictions we call hypothesis and establish cause-and-effect relationships/ test a hypothesis
Must be objective

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14
Q

Independent Variable

A

Changes & measures the effect of the dependent variable [subject behavior]

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15
Q

Dependable Variable

A

What changes [antecedent conditons]

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16
Q

Antecedent Conditions

A

Circumstances before the event or behavior that we want to explain

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17
Q

Imposition of Units

A

How much you limit a subjects responses on dependent variable
T/F Questions, 1-7 Limited

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18
Q

Random Assignment

A

Experiments to ensure that each participant has the same opportunity to be assigned to any given group.

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19
Q

Internal Validity

A

The degree to which a researcher cane establish a casual relationship between the independent and dependent variables

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20
Q

External Validity

A

The degree to which research findings can be generalized to other settings & individuals

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21
Q

Example of external validity

A

Your sample represents entire population

*Broad example

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22
Q

Phenomenological Approach

A

Involves a subject description of personal subjective experience
-Low in manipulation of antecedent conditions and low in imposition of units

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23
Q

Participant Observer Study

A

Involves field observation in which the researcher is pat of the studied group
*have to blend in

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24
Q

Falsifiability

A

Can be proven false

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25
Generalizability
When we take people out of their natural environment and study them in the lab, we are exerting some control over them and, as a result, possibly limiting how much we can generalize the findings to all people in natural settings.
26
Random Assignments
The technique of assigning subjects to treatments so that each subject has an equal chance of being assigned to each treatment condition
27
Internal Validity
refers to whether the effects observed in a study are due to the manipulation of the independent variable and not some other factor
28
External Validity
refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other settings (ecological validity), other people (population validity) and over time (historical validity).
29
How can External Validity be improved?
Natural Setting | Random Sampling
30
Construct
covariation that is attributed to the observed behaviours
31
Example of Construct
Biting nails --> Test anxiety
32
Concurrent Validity
Validity is a measure of how well a particular test correlates with a previously validated measure
33
Face Validity
as the degree to which a test seems to measure what it reports to measure.
34
Case Study
Single individuals experiences or behaviors kept by an outside observer -impact of events
35
Naturalistic Observation
Observing behavior as they occur spontaneously in natural setting
36
Phenomenology
Description of ones immediate experience used for data
37
Participant Observer
Researcher may interact with subjects as well as observe them to obtain information
38
Content Analysis
its most common form it is a technique that allows a researcher to take qualitative data and to transform it into quantitative data (numerical data)
39
Reactivity
is a phenomenon that occurs when individuals alter their performance or behavior due to the awareness that they are being observed.
40
Closed Questions
Answered by one of a limited number of alternatives
41
Open Ended Questions
Solicit information about opinions and feelings | -More than yes or no
42
Exhaustive
Contain all possible options
43
Double-Barreled
Ask for responses about two or more different ideas in a question "Strawberries & Crème"
44
Ambiguous
having no intrinsic or objective meaning; not organized in conventional
45
Ordinal Scale
Measures the magnitude of the dependent variable using ranks but does not assign precise value
46
Example of ordinal scale
List of favorite artist - liking one more than another
47
Interval Scale
Measures magnitude or quantitative size using equal intervals between values
48
Ratio Scale
Highest level of measurement | -Measures physical properties like weight
49
Nominal
Simplest level of measurement T/F
50
Value Laden
Wording a question that may impact their response positive or negative
51
Yea-Sayers
Agree with a question regardless of question | -Tapping pencil no noise
52
Nay-sayers
Disagree no matter what they are asked
53
Context effects
position of question influences how question is interpreted
54
Social Desirability
Answering based on what is socially acceptable
55
Cluster Sampling
sample entire clusters that exist within a population
56
Quota Sampling
reflect a population but not selected at random
57
Convenience Sampling
using groups who happen to be available
58
Snowball Sampling
nonprobability sampling, finds a sample who fit criteria & they lead to more people [vegans]
59
Correlation Studies
Determines the correlation or degree of a relationship between two traits behaviors or events
60
Pearson Correlation
Most common | Positive, Negative, No correlation
61
Scatterplots
visual representations of the scores belonging to each subject in the study
62
Longitudinal
Long term studies Used mostly in studies with growth and development Take place over long period of time
63
Regression lines
Lines that illustrate the mathematical equation between two measured scores
64
Quasi Experimental
Lack manipulation of antecedents or random assignment to treatment conditions
65
What are Quasi Experiments used for?
Changes over time on the same subjects
66
Ex Post facto study
Research in which we choose subjects based on a pre-existing condition.
67
Cross Sectional Studies
Subjects who are already at different stages are compared at a single point in time
68
Pretest/Post
Research design used to assess whether the occurrence of an event alters behavior; scores are taken before & after event

Psych 2 Exam 1 (1 decks)

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