Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Chapter 1-5 > Chapter 1-5 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-5 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is life?

A

The condition that can tell apart animals and plants from inorganic matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 7 common themes in biology?

A

Organized, acquire materials and energy, reproduce, respond to the environment, regulation, growth&develop, evolutionary adaption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 12 emerging properties in order

A

Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system organism’s, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

1) prokaryotic: monera (bacteria) 2) Eukaryotic (more complex): animals, plants, fungi, Protista (animal/plant like organisms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

1) bacteria: consists of prokaryotes. 2) eukaryotic 3) Archea. (Eukaryotic & archea are firmly grouped as prokaryotes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who introduced evolution, natural selection,diversity and unity?

A

Charles Darwin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do scientists study biology?

A

Scientific method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the steps to the scientific method?

A

Observation, questions, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, conclusion, reiteration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are two types of experiments?

A

1) Controlled (manipulative) experiment: –experimental treatment groups 2) Correlation (observational) experiment —–No control nor treatment groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are two types of variables?

A

1) independent variable (experimental/manipulated) 2)dependent variable (outcome of experiment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What macronutrients make upper body weight?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do molecules different from compounds?

A

1) Molecules are two or more atoms. 2) Compounds are two or more different atoms in a fixed ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a covalent bond? (intramolecular bond)

A

Shared electrons. H..C..H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

-Unequal sharing of electrons - -Creates “poles”personally positive and partially negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

-Bond formed between oppositely charged atoms. Cation: positive Anion: negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a hydrogen bond? (Intermolecular bond)

A

A bond between two molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where are the important properties of water?

A

High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, universal solvent, cohesive and adhesive, high surface tension, ice is less dense than liquid water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define high heat capacity

A

Resist changes in temperature (the oceans) 🔥absorbs a lots of thermal energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define high heat of vaporization

A

-Evaporative cooling ex: cooling off with sweat💦

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define universal solvent

A

Dissolves ionic polar compounds Ex: dissolves nutrients and waste cells. -hydrophilic (attracted to water) (polar) - hydrophobic compounds (repelled by water) (nonpolar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define cohesive and adhesive

A

Cohesion: force of attraction between molecules of the same substance Adhesion: force of attraction between different substances Ex: transports water to tall trees leaves and capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define high surface tension

A

Supports water striders on surface of water🐞🐜

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ice is less dense than liquid water…..when is it the most dense?

A

4°C ice and insulates bodies of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define an acid

A

-Donates hydrogen ion. Ex: HCl—-> H+ + Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define base

A

Takes up H+ or release OH- Ex: HCO3- + H+ —> H2CO3

26
Q

Define pH

A

-Measures activity –> concentration of hydrogen ions (H+). -Log base 10 scale -[brackets]=concentration of hydrogen ions. -pH 1 (acidic). -pH 14 (basic)

27
Q

Define buffers

A

Maintain relatively constant pH. Ex: react with hydrogen ions. H+. Ex: react with hydroxides OH-

28
Q

What are the organic compounds (carbon-based compounds)?

A

Hydroxyl, carboxyl, phosphate, carbonyl, amino,methyl

29
Q

Define four major organic molecules

A

1) Carbohydrates (polar) 2) lipids (non polar). 3) proteins (polar) 4) nucleic acid (polar)

30
Q

Define carbohydrates

A

Energy/ carbon storage/ hydrophilic

31
Q

Define three classes of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

32
Q

Define biology

A

The study of life!🍃🐰

33
Q

Define monosaccharides (mono)=single

A

-(CH2O)n -monomers of polymers -generic names: pentoses, ribose, hexoses, glucose ,fructose

34
Q

Define disaccharides (di=two)

A

Sucrose: transported sugar in plants. -Composed of two monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) -Other disaccharides: Maltose & lactose. -Dehydration: “combining” -Hydrolysis: “splitting”

35
Q

Define polysaccharides (poly=many)

A

Composed of monosaccharides Starch and glycogen (storage carbohydrates) (composed of glucose)—body sugar. -cellulose (structural carbohydrate) (composed of glucose)

36
Q

Define lipids

A

-Energy storage/structural/hormones /hydrophobic/nonpolar

37
Q

Define fats

A

-Deprived from animals/solid at room temperature

38
Q

Define oils

A

Deprived deprived from plants/ liquid at room temperature

39
Q

What are fats and oils composed of?

A

Glycerol backbone/three fatty acid’s /dehydration synthesis/hydrolysis

40
Q

Define phospholipids

A

Composed of: glycerol/ 2 fatty acids/ phosphate group/hydrophobic /hydrophilic /lipid bilayer formation-cellular membranes

41
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Enzymes/storage /transporters/ hormonal /receptors /defensive of antibodies

42
Q

Define amino acids

A

Monomers of polypeptide

43
Q

Define a polypeptide

A

A large number of amino acids bonded together in the chain forming a protein molecule

44
Q

Define proteins structure

A

-peptide bonds between amino acids. -synthesis by dehydration reaction. -degradation by hydrolysis

45
Q

Define primary structure

A

Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

46
Q

Define Secondary structure

A

-Localized regions of repeated folded polypeptides -a helix -b pleated sheets -hydrogen bonds hold the twists

47
Q

Define tertiary protein structure

A

(Combination of a helix And b pleated sheets). -overall 3-D shape of the proteins -all sorts of interactions create the shape. (hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds ,ionic bonds) hydrophobic interactions……why folded?…..hydrophobic

48
Q

Define quaternary protein structure

A

Combination of two or more polypeptides to make a functional protein

49
Q

Define nucleic acid

A

Stores genetic information -example: DNA and RNA -energy currency of a cell - stores energy that extracted ……moved to make ATP

50
Q

Defined nucleotides

A

Monomers of DNA and RNA.(building blocks) -composed of ribose or deoxyribose -nitrogen base…ex:DNA&RNA. -adenine,guanine,cytosine. -DNA: A:T G:C -RNA: A:U G::C

51
Q

Define nucleic acid

A

Polynucleotides are synthesized by dehydration reaction and degraded by hydrolysis reaction

52
Q

ATPs cells energy

A

-Adenosine Triphosphate. -Energy currency/ cleave off a phosphate group. Ex: release useful energy (work) wasteful (heat like hairdryer)

53
Q

Cell size

A

Small cells have larger surface area and volume of the large cells

54
Q

Define cytoplasm

A

-Cellular soup -chemical reaction galore -Bounded by the plasma membrane -Allows transfer of nutrients into the cell and waste out of the cell -Reponds to environmental signal

55
Q

Defined two types of cells

A

-Prokaryotes(no nucleus, or organelles) Domains: bacteria and archaea -Eukaryotes (Nucleus & organelles) Domain: plants, animals,fungi, protist

56
Q

Describe the nucleus

A

-Stores DNA -chromatin (grainy). chromosome (condensed). -nucleolus(singular)-ribosomal RNA. —nuclear envelope. -nuclear pores

57
Q

Describe ribosomes

A

-Sites of polypeptide synthesis -two subunits (large and small). - subunits consist of rRNA and protein molecules -free ribosomes (found in the cytoplasm) -Bound ribosomes (attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum) -rER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) -there is a rough look to them

58
Q

Define rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

-Rough ER (synthesize,process,and modify proteins) -smooth ER (synthesizes lipids,detoxification,various other functions)

59
Q

Defined Golgi apparatus (like a post office)

A

The Golgi apparatus collects, sorts, packages,and distributes material such as proteins and lipids. (exocytosis out…..exocytosis in)

60
Q

Define lysosomes (lysosomes–> hydrolytic)

A

-Contains digestive enzymes that break down unwanted, foreign substance or worn-out parts of cells. -Tay-Sachs disease (defective lysosomes in cells surrounding nerve cells) (cannot breakdown lipids)

61
Q

Define vacuoles

A

Vacuoles are membranous sacs that store substances -For example: (water-vacuole may swell and everything is pushed to sides, pigments,toxins)

Biology Chapter 1-5 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions