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Biology Chapter 1-5 > Chapter 1-5 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is life?

A

The condition that can tell apart animals and plants from inorganic matter

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2
Q

What are the 7 common themes in biology?

A

Organized, acquire materials and energy, reproduce, respond to the environment, regulation, growth&develop, evolutionary adaption.

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3
Q

What are the 12 emerging properties in order

A

Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system organism’s, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

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4
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

1) prokaryotic: monera (bacteria) 2) Eukaryotic (more complex): animals, plants, fungi, Protista (animal/plant like organisms)

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5
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

1) bacteria: consists of prokaryotes. 2) eukaryotic 3) Archea. (Eukaryotic & archea are firmly grouped as prokaryotes)

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6
Q

Who introduced evolution, natural selection,diversity and unity?

A

Charles Darwin

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7
Q

How do scientists study biology?

A

Scientific method

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8
Q

What are the steps to the scientific method?

A

Observation, questions, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, conclusion, reiteration.

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9
Q

What are two types of experiments?

A

1) Controlled (manipulative) experiment: –experimental treatment groups 2) Correlation (observational) experiment —–No control nor treatment groups

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10
Q

What are two types of variables?

A

1) independent variable (experimental/manipulated) 2)dependent variable (outcome of experiment)

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11
Q

What macronutrients make upper body weight?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

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12
Q

How do molecules different from compounds?

A

1) Molecules are two or more atoms. 2) Compounds are two or more different atoms in a fixed ratio

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13
Q

What is a covalent bond? (intramolecular bond)

A

Shared electrons. H..C..H

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14
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

-Unequal sharing of electrons - -Creates “poles”personally positive and partially negative

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15
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

-Bond formed between oppositely charged atoms. Cation: positive Anion: negative

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16
Q

What is a hydrogen bond? (Intermolecular bond)

A

A bond between two molecules

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17
Q

Where are the important properties of water?

A

High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, universal solvent, cohesive and adhesive, high surface tension, ice is less dense than liquid water

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18
Q

Define high heat capacity

A

Resist changes in temperature (the oceans) 🔥absorbs a lots of thermal energy

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19
Q

Define high heat of vaporization

A

-Evaporative cooling ex: cooling off with sweat💦

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20
Q

Define universal solvent

A

Dissolves ionic polar compounds Ex: dissolves nutrients and waste cells. -hydrophilic (attracted to water) (polar) - hydrophobic compounds (repelled by water) (nonpolar)

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21
Q

Define cohesive and adhesive

A

Cohesion: force of attraction between molecules of the same substance Adhesion: force of attraction between different substances Ex: transports water to tall trees leaves and capillaries

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22
Q

Define high surface tension

A

Supports water striders on surface of water🐞🐜

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23
Q

Ice is less dense than liquid water…..when is it the most dense?

A

4°C ice and insulates bodies of water

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24
Q

Define an acid

A

-Donates hydrogen ion. Ex: HCl—-> H+ + Cl-

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25
Define base
Takes up H+ or release OH- Ex: HCO3- + H+ ---> H2CO3
26
Define pH
-Measures activity --> concentration of hydrogen ions (H+). -Log base 10 scale -[brackets]=concentration of hydrogen ions. -pH 1 (acidic). -pH 14 (basic)
27
Define buffers
Maintain relatively constant pH. Ex: react with hydrogen ions. H+. Ex: react with hydroxides OH-
28
What are the organic compounds (carbon-based compounds)?
Hydroxyl, carboxyl, phosphate, carbonyl, amino,methyl
29
Define four major organic molecules
1) Carbohydrates (polar) 2) lipids (non polar). 3) proteins (polar) 4) nucleic acid (polar)
30
Define carbohydrates
Energy/ carbon storage/ hydrophilic
31
Define three classes of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides
32
Define biology
The study of life!🍃🐰
33
Define monosaccharides (mono)=single
-(CH2O)n -monomers of polymers -generic names: pentoses, ribose, hexoses, glucose ,fructose
34
Define disaccharides (di=two)
Sucrose: transported sugar in plants. -Composed of two monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) -Other disaccharides: Maltose & lactose. -Dehydration: "combining" -Hydrolysis: "splitting"
35
Define polysaccharides (poly=many)
Composed of monosaccharides Starch and glycogen (storage carbohydrates) (composed of glucose)---body sugar. -cellulose (structural carbohydrate) (composed of glucose)
36
Define lipids
-Energy storage/structural/hormones /hydrophobic/nonpolar
37
Define fats
-Deprived from animals/solid at room temperature
38
Define oils
Deprived deprived from plants/ liquid at room temperature
39
What are fats and oils composed of?
Glycerol backbone/three fatty acid's /dehydration synthesis/hydrolysis
40
Define phospholipids
Composed of: glycerol/ 2 fatty acids/ phosphate group/hydrophobic /hydrophilic /lipid bilayer formation-cellular membranes
41
What are the functions of proteins?
Enzymes/storage /transporters/ hormonal /receptors /defensive of antibodies
42
Define amino acids
Monomers of polypeptide
43
Define a polypeptide
A large number of amino acids bonded together in the chain forming a protein molecule
44
Define proteins structure
-peptide bonds between amino acids. -synthesis by dehydration reaction. -degradation by hydrolysis
45
Define primary structure
Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
46
Define Secondary structure
-Localized regions of repeated folded polypeptides -a helix -b pleated sheets -hydrogen bonds hold the twists
47
Define tertiary protein structure
(Combination of a helix And b pleated sheets). -overall 3-D shape of the proteins -all sorts of interactions create the shape. (hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds ,ionic bonds) hydrophobic interactions......why folded?.....hydrophobic
48
Define quaternary protein structure
Combination of two or more polypeptides to make a functional protein
49
Define nucleic acid
Stores genetic information -example: DNA and RNA -energy currency of a cell - stores energy that extracted ......moved to make ATP
50
Defined nucleotides
Monomers of DNA and RNA.(building blocks) -composed of ribose or deoxyribose -nitrogen base...ex:DNA&RNA. -adenine,guanine,cytosine. -DNA: A:T G:C -RNA: A:U G::C
51
Define nucleic acid
Polynucleotides are synthesized by dehydration reaction and degraded by hydrolysis reaction
52
ATPs cells energy
-Adenosine Triphosphate. -Energy currency/ cleave off a phosphate group. Ex: release useful energy (work) wasteful (heat like hairdryer)
53
Cell size
Small cells have larger surface area and volume of the large cells
54
Define cytoplasm
-Cellular soup -chemical reaction galore -Bounded by the plasma membrane -Allows transfer of nutrients into the cell and waste out of the cell -Reponds to environmental signal
55
Defined two types of cells
-Prokaryotes(no nucleus, or organelles) Domains: bacteria and archaea -Eukaryotes (Nucleus & organelles) Domain: plants, animals,fungi, protist
56
Describe the nucleus
-Stores DNA -chromatin (grainy). chromosome (condensed). -nucleolus(singular)-ribosomal RNA. ---nuclear envelope. -nuclear pores
57
Describe ribosomes
-Sites of polypeptide synthesis -two subunits (large and small). - subunits consist of rRNA and protein molecules -free ribosomes (found in the cytoplasm) -Bound ribosomes (attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum) -rER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) -there is a rough look to them
58
Define rough endoplasmic reticulum
-Rough ER (synthesize,process,and modify proteins) -smooth ER (synthesizes lipids,detoxification,various other functions)
59
Defined Golgi apparatus (like a post office)
The Golgi apparatus collects, sorts, packages,and distributes material such as proteins and lipids. (exocytosis out.....exocytosis in)
60
Define lysosomes (lysosomes--> hydrolytic)
-Contains digestive enzymes that break down unwanted, foreign substance or worn-out parts of cells. -Tay-Sachs disease (defective lysosomes in cells surrounding nerve cells) (cannot breakdown lipids)
61
Define vacuoles
Vacuoles are membranous sacs that store substances -For example: (water-vacuole may swell and everything is pushed to sides, pigments,toxins)

Biology Chapter 1-5 (1 decks)

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