Chapter 1-5 Flashcards
What is stress?
Stress has been defined as “ a state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances “.
Where the US ranks compared to the other nations
24th rank
How do we measure stress
Physiological measures and self reports
What is a neuron
Cells that function electrochemically in the human nervous system.
What is incidence?
A measure of the frequency of new cases of a disease or disorder of joining us specified period of time
Cross-sectional studies
Are those conducted at only one point in time
What is epidemiology
The study of how disease is distributed in populations in the factors that influence or determine this distribution
Prospective study
begins with a population of disease-free participants and follow them over a period of time to determine whether a given condition is related to the later condition
Longitudinal Study
All participants over an extended period
HMOs
A health insurance organization to which subscribers pay a pre-determining see in return for a range of medical services physicians and healthcare workers
What is the hospital’s(Physicians) perspective to patient illness
Other sources of health care include “alternative” approaches rather than conventional medicine.
primarily well educated people who are dissatisfied with standard care. They are able to pay for alternative care.
What predicts people’s behavior?
The health belief model
How to define adherence and non adherence?
Active involvement of the patient in restoring health. A patient’s ability and willingness to follow recommended health practices.
How to measure adherence
Practitioner report (overestimates compliance).
Hospital/ Family member observation. ("")
Medication monitoring (data collection errors)
Biochemical Evidence (ie. blood analysis)
Patient report (inaccurate)Factors that impact Adherence
perception of disease severity (not actual disease severity)
demographic characteristics: Age and Gender
The impact of education on health outcome
Poor health leads to lower level of schooling, family background or individual differences, both increase schooling and health. Third increase education directly improves health
Biomedical model of data
Problems with the biomedical model only uses the biomedical factors and does not use psychological and social factors to understand a person’s illness or disorder.
Sympathetic nervous system
The sympathetic nervous system activates when it what is often termed the fight or flight response.
Ways we deal with stress
Positive self talk
Emergency stress stoppers
Finding pleasure
Daily relaxation
Biopsychosocial model
A change in one factor results in the change of another factor. God attention to the doctor – patient relationship. Single factor explanations are not valid.
factors include biological, psychological and Social.
The role of a health psychologist
It depends on the work setting. Many health psychologist work directly in clinical setting to help individuals or groups to prevent illness and promote healthy behaviors.
Bandura’s concept of reciprocal determinism.
Human functioning is a product of the interaction of behavior, environment, and person variables, especially self-efficacy and other cognitive processes.
More text resource;( pg70)
(1) performance or in I think a behavior such as successfully resisting cigarette craving (2) vicarious experience, or seeing another person with similar skills perform a behavior (3) verbal persuasion, or listening to the couraging words of a trusted person and (4) physiological arousal states, such as feeling anxiety or stress, which ordinarily decrease self-efficacy.
Lazurus
Is a psychologist who was a pioneer in the study of emotion and stress especially their relation to cognition.
Prochaska
The stages of change which are precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance.
Transtheoratical Theory
assesses an individual’s readiness to act on a new healthier behavior and provide strategies of change to action and maintenance.
