Chapter 1 - 5 Flashcards
What falls under offensive speech in general?
Criticism of religions, racist or sexist slurs, hate materials, libelous statements, abortion information, antiabortion information, criticism of climate change predictions, advertising of alcoholic beverages, advertising in general, depictions of violence, discussion of suicide, or
information about how to build bombs.
Children’s Online Privacy Protection
Act (COPPA) 1998
A privacy law intended to protect a vulnerable population by requiring that websites get parental permission before collecting personal information from children under
13
Deontological Theory
View acts as good or bad based on the intrinsic aspect of the action.
Three (3) Principles of Ethics (Immanuel Kant)
– Principle of universality: follow rules of behavior that universally apply to everyone
– Logic and reason determines rules of ethical behavior;
reason, rationality, and judgment, not emotions, when making ethical
decisions
– Never treat people as merely means to ends, but rather as ends in
themselves
Utilitarianism
Consider Consequences
– Aim to increase happiness, what satisfies the person’s needs and
values.
– We should consider the consequences—the benefits and damages to all affected people—and “calculate” the overall effect
– An act is right if it tends to increase benefits overall
Natural Rights
✓ Try let people make their own decisions, act freely
according to their own judgment
✓ Ethical behaviors respect fundamental/natural rights
including rights to life, liberty, and property
✓ Acts are likely ethical if they involve voluntary interactions
and freely made exchanges, where the parties are not
coerced or deceived
❑ Emphasize the process by which people interact, not
the result of the interaction
Three natural rights
John Locke (1632 – 1704) - “Father of Liberalism”
▪ Life: everyone is entitled to live.
▪ Liberty: everyone is entitled to do anything they want to so long as it doesn’t conflict with the first right.
▪ Property/Estate: everyone is entitled to own all they create or
gain through gift or trade so long as it doesn’t conflict with the first two rights.
Positive rights
Claim-rights - An obligation of some people to provide certain things for others, such as work, food, medical care, etc.
– Someone is obligated to pay for food/medical care
– Freedom of speech
– Someone must hire you
– Access Internet: subsidized access for poor people
Informed Consent
users being aware of what information is collected and how it is used
Supercookie
reverse technology used by hackers to recreate
deleted cookies and are difficult to find and remove with anti-
malware/virus software
Secondary Use
– Use personal information for a purpose other than the purpose for
which it was provided.
– Sale of consumer information to marketers
Data Mining
– Searching and analyzing masses of data to find patterns and
develop new information or knowledge
Matching
– Combining and comparing information from different databases
Profiling
– Analyzing data to determine characteristics of people most likely to
engage in certain behavior
Privacy Policies
– Informing people about what personal information an organization collects and what it does with that information. Give people some control over secondary use options of their
personal information
Informed Consent - Opt Out vs Opt In
– Opt Out – Person must request (usually by checking a box) that an organization not use information.
Note: Opt-out options are now commonly the default.
▪ Responsible, consumer-friendly companies often set the default so that they do not share personal information and do not send marketing emails unless the person explicitly allows it
– Opt In – The collector of the information may use information only if person explicitly permits use (usually by checking a box).
4th Amendment
✓ Sets limits on government’s rights to search our homes and businesses and seize documents and other personal effects.
Requires government provide probable cause.
Right to be forgotten - Google’s process
▪ Google’s removal request process requires the applicant to identify their country of residence, personal information, a list of the URLs to be removed along with a short description of each one, and attachment of legal identification.
Provisions of the Privacy Act of 1974
– Restricts the data in federal government records to what is “relevant and necessary” to the legal purpose for which the government collects it.
– Requires federal agencies to publish a notice of their record systems in the Federal Register so that the public may learn about what databases exist.
– Allows people to access their records and correct inaccurate information
– Requires procedures to protect the security of the information in databases
– Prohibits disclosure of information about a person without his or her consent (with several exceptions)
Encryption
a technology, often implemented in software, that transforms data
into a form that is meaningless to anyone who might intercept and view it; generally includes a coding scheme or cryptographic
algorithm, and specific sequences of characters called keys, used by
the algorithm
Personal Information (PI)
any information relating to an individual person
Patriot Act
eased govt. access to many kinds of PI w/o court order
