Chapter 1-5 Flashcards
Is organisational behaviour focused on understanding, explaining, and influencing/improving attitudes and behaviours of individuals and groups?
Yes
What are the four functions of managers?
Planning, organising, controlling, and leading
What does planning involve?
It requires the manager to evaluate an organisation’s current position and where it wants to be, so it can design strategies, actions, and resources of how to get there
Is organising associated with arranging resources to implement the strategy made during the planning stage?
Yes
What are the five skills required to carry out organisational roles?
Technical skills, human skills, emotional intelligence, conceptual skills, and human capital
Define human skills
The ability to relate to other people
Define conceptual skill
The capacity to see the organisation as a whole and understand how each part relates to one another and fits into the overall environment
What is human capital the sum of?
The sum of an employee’s skills, knowledge, experience, and general attributes
State two examples of intangible resources
It’s reputation and culture, and the trust between managers and coworkers
What are the three main aspects of human capital that enhances true competitive advantage?
Value, rareness, inimitability
How can value determine a competitive advantage?
As it is to do with the way employees work toward the strategic goals of an organisation
Is rareness the level of exceptional skills and talents employees possess?
Yes
What does inimitability mean?
The degree to which the skills and talents of employees can be emulated by other organisations
Are all of organisation, rareness, inimitability, and valuable needed to gain a competitive advantage?
Yes
What do we call it if valuable is not met?
Competitive disadvantage
What do we call it if rareness is not met?
Competitive parity
What do we call it if inimitability, and organisation is not met, respectively?
Temporary competitive advantage, and unused competitive advantage
What are the three competitive advantage strategies?
Cost leadership, differentiation, and focus or niche
What are the 6 steps to critical thinking?
Behaviour change, observe, interpret, analyse, evaluate, and explain
What are the 7 challenges/opportunities to do with organisational behaviour?
Globalisation, economic factors, workforce diversity, customer service, people skills, innovation and change, and sustainability
What are the three levels of analysis in organisational behaviour?
Individual level, group level, and organisation level
What does DEI stand for?
Diversity, equity, and inclusion
What is diversity in organisational behaviour?
Having and identifying employees across differences
What is equity in organisational behaviour?
Processes and programs are impartial, fair, and provide equal access for all
What does inclusion mean in organisational behaviour?
The organisation connects with, engages, and utilises people across all differences
Does workplace diversity increase profits?
Yes
State examples of both surface-level diversity, and deep-level diversity
Surface-level: age and generational differences, and physical and mental ability. Deep-level: personality traits, and values
What are the five generations that are currently in the workforce and what decades do they span for?
Traditionalists: born before 1946
Baby boomers: 1946-1964
Generation X: 1965-1981
Generation Y (millennials): 1982-2000
Generation Z: 1998-2016
What percentage of the workforce do each of the generations make up?
Traditionalists: 1%
Baby boomers: 20-22%
Generation X: 30-33%
Generation Y: 35-40%
Generation Z: 12-15%
Do Gen Y (Millennials) act in an entitled way?
Yes
Are Gen Z regarded as disloyal?
Yes
What is the difference between race, and ethnicity?
Race: factors of physical appearance, and ethnicity: sociological factors such as nationality, culture, language, ancestry, etc
Define glass cliff
When women or ethnic minorities are given leadership positions during periods of crisis without any support
What does ability diversity mean?
The representation of people with different levels of mental and physical abilities within an organisation
What percentage of the 60 million people with a disability in the United States are unemployed?
More than 85%
Define intersectionality
Different types of discrimination may overlap with one another and manifest negative outcomes
What are concealable stigmatised identities?
Identities people hide for fear of mistreatment or discrimination
What does a stereotype threat mean?
The fear of confirming a negative stereotype leading to a lack of motivation, low confidence, and poor engagement
What is the difference between equity, and equality?
Equity: Process of ensuring that processes and programs are impartial and fair (procedural fairness).
Equality: Process of ensuring everyone is given the same opportunities and resources regardless of individual need ( distributive fairness)
What is implicit bias?
A set of positive or negative stereotypes one may unconsciously hold toward a person/group
What are individual differences?
Behavioural and cognitive similarities and differences among people
What is essential in order to understand individual differences?
High degree of self awareness, and an awareness of others
Is self-concept a important part of individual differences?
Yes
What is self-concept and what two things is it made up of?
Helps us understand who we are and how we feel about ourselves. Two key components: self-esteem, and self-efficacy
Is a personality made up of stable and unique patterns of traits, characteristics, and resulting characteristics?
Yes
State the 6 different trait theories of personality
Carl Jung’s theory, MBTI, Eysenck’s personality theory, Cattell’s trait theory, Big five model, HEXACO model
What is Carl Jung’s theory?
Introversion, and extraversion
How many personality types does the MBTI have?
16
What is Eysenck’s personality theory associated with?
Introversion/extraversion, neuroticism/stability, self-control/psychoticism
What does MBTI stand for?
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
What are the four psychological preferences that combine to describe the 16 personality types?
Energy (extraversion vs introversion), information (sensing vs intuition), decision (thinking vs feeling), lifestyle (judging vs perceiving)
What does perceive mean?
Becoming aware of or to notice something, especially through the senses
What is expected from the employees with the “always on” culture?
Expected to be responsive outside their working hours
State 4 strategies that can be used to make work easier
Switching off, handling information overload, creating boundaries, and establishing a work/life balance
How many factors is in Cattell’s personality factors trait theory?
16
What 5 factors are associated with the Big five model?
Openness to experience, conscientiousness (careful, thoughtful, and diligent), neuroticism, extraversion, and agreeableness
What is the core self-evaluation?
Appraisals that people make of their own abilities, self-worth, control, and capabilities. It includes locus of control, emotional stability, self-efficacy, and self-esteem
What is the locus of control?
Extent to which people believe they have influence over events. Internal locus of control: people control the events
What does HEXACO stand for and used for?
Honesty- humility, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Commonly used in talent management, leadership development, and personal coaching
State 5 other personality attributes
Self-monitoring, proactive personality, type a/type b, risk taking propensity, and the dark triad (narcissism, psychopathy, and machiavellianism)
What does DiSC personality assessment tool stand for, and many people use it in a workplace every year?
Dominance, influence, conscientiousness, and steadiness. 1 million people in order to improve teamwork, communication, and productivity
What is perception?
The process of receiving and interpreting information from our environment
What are the components of the perception process?
Perceiver, environment, and focal object
Does the perceiver include past experiences, culture, attitude, values, and upbringing?
Yes
State 5examples of common perceptual distortions
Halo effect vs horn effect, primary effect, contrast effect, self-fulfilling prophecy, and impression management
Describe the difference between the halo effect and horn effect
Halo effect: a positive first impression that leads us to treat someone more favourably. Horn effect: the opposite
What is the primary effect?
The tendency to remember the first piece of information we encounter better than information presented later on
What is the difference between contrast effect and impression management?
Contrast effect: Unconscious bias that occurs when people compare two things rather than evaluate them individually. Impression management: The act of controlling how others perceive you, either consciously or subconsciously
What is self-fulfilling prophecy?
A prediction that becomes true because a person’s expectations cause them to act in a way to make it happen
What are the 5 perception/learning theories?
Attribution, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, reinforcement, social cognitive
What does the attribution theory state? What are they?
People look for two causes to explain the behaviour of others. Internal attributions: personal characteristics, and external attributions: situational factors
Describe the classical conditioning theory
A theory of learning that explains how people and animals learn to associate a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that produces a neutral response
How does operant conditioning theory form behaviour?
By controlling the consequences or outcome of the behaviour
What are the four subgroups of the reinforcement theory?
Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, extinction
What is the difference between positive reinforcement, and negative reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement: Positive behaviour followed by positive consequences, whereas, negative reinforcement is positive behaviour followed by removal of negative consequences
What is punishment?
Negative behaviour followed by negative consequences
What is extinction?
Negative behaviour followed by removal of positive consequences
What does social cognitive theory say?
We learn by observing, imitating, and modelling behaviour of others
What are the three major aspects of this theory?
Self efficacy, vicarious learning, and self-regulation
What is vicarious learning?
Learning by watching the action or behaviour of another person
What do affects mean in organisational behaviour?
Covers a wide range of feelings including emotions and moods
What are the two basic types of mood dimensions?
Positive and negative affect
What is emotional contagion?
When emotions experienced by one or more individuals in a work group spread to others
What is emotional labour?
Faking what we actually feel
What is the difference between surface acting, and deep acting?
One changes emotions willingly
What is the difference between emotional dissonance, and emotional intelligence?
Emotional dissonance: a difference between emotions expressed and emotions felt.
Emotional intelligence: ability to understand emotions of ourselves and others, so that we can handle behaviours/relationships
What are the two kinds of emotional regulations?
Antecedent-focused strategies, and response-focused strategies
What are antecedent-focused strategies?
They prevent strong emotional response
What are response-focused strategies?
Manage emotional response according to the situation
What 3 main elements form our attitudes?
Cognitive appraisal, affective evaluation, and behavioural intentions
What is included in cognitive appraisal?
Beliefs, opinions, information
What does cognitive dissonance mean?
Stressed and discomfort experienced when facing inconsistency between beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviours
What are the two types of stressors?
Challenge stressors, and hindrance stressors
Is it healthy to have some stress?
Yes
