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Learning & Memory > Chapter 1-5 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

Behavioral approach

A
  • began in 1900s
  • reaction to phenomenology and introspection
  • goal=physiology as a science
  • only observable behavior can be measured
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2
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

-began in 1960s
-addressed failures of behavioralism
- models internal mind states
-information processing

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3
Q

Human memory issues

A

-short term vs long term
-encoding
-retrieval
-implicit vs explicit memory
-development of memory
-forgetting

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4
Q

Declarative memory

A

Conscious
Things you can remember

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5
Q

Declarative memory 1

A

Episodic
Personal stories
“I ate - for breakfast “

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6
Q

Declarative state 2

A

Semantic
General knowledge
Facts that are there

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7
Q

Procedural

A

Non conscious
Writing,breathing,walking ect

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8
Q

Procedural 1

A

Cognitive
Thinking

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9
Q

Procedural 2

A

Motor
Doing

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10
Q

Learning vs memory

A

Learning: obtaining new knowledge or behavior
Memory: storage/recall of knowledge

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11
Q

Neuropsychology

A

Relating underlying biology to cognitive structure

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12
Q

Neuron

A

Functional unit of the brain

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13
Q

Axon

A

Passes information

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14
Q

Functional

A

Evolutionary explanation = learning mechanism is are adaptive

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15
Q

4 approaches to studying and learning

A

Behavioral, cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, functional

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16
Q

Habituation

A

Your behavior at first indicates that you notice the stimulus, but since it has no significance your reaction to repetition decreases

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17
Q

Sensitized

A

Opposite of habitation, you become more aware of stimulus after recognizing it

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18
Q

Orienting response

A

Reflex to something new

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19
Q

Thomas and spencer

A

Derived a list of parametric features of habituation

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20
Q

Parametric

A

Taking one dimension of a iv and systematically varying it to map out the changes in effect
Frequency of repetition
Spontaneous recovery
Effects of repeated habituations
Spacing of stimulations
Dishabituation

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21
Q

Two categories of habituation

A

Cognitive and neuroscience

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22
Q

Habituation explanation non learner

A
  1. Habituation is due to sensory adaptation
  2. Response or affect or fatigue
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23
Q

Habituation explanation

A
  1. Sensitization the size of responses increased across repetition
    Can be described as an increase responsiveness to repeated stimulus
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24
Q

Engram

A

A word used to refer to the change that occurs in the nervous system to encode new learning

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25
Q

Sokolov

A

Theory postulates a comparator mechanism which comparison the current sensory input to the model stored in memory to determine if the stim is familiar

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26
Q

Wagner and Olson

A

Think that a stimulus could be represented in short term memory, long term memory, or both

27
Q

Perceptual learning

A

Once we learn to perceive a stimulus it us easier to learn other things about the stimulus

28
Q

Factors that affect perceptual learning

A

Presenting contrasting stimulus
Transferring from easy to difficult stimulus
Attention and feedback

29
Q

Habituation

A

Decreasing responsiveness over repeated presentation only involving one stimulus

30
Q

Classical conditioning example

A

Pavlov’s dog

31
Q

Classical conditioning methods

A

Unconditional response: eye blink, heart rate
Conditioned stimulus: buzzer, lights

32
Q

Taste aversion

A

Single trial long lasting extinction (cancer patients get sick, don’t eat that food again)

33
Q

Discrimination

A

Opposite of generalization; similar stimulus do not produce the cr

34
Q

Cerebellum

A

Located in the lower back portion of the brain
Where classical conditioning is located

35
Q

Room-specific tolerance

A

If a drug is taken in a different environment then the usual , the composting response may not be evoked so the drug has full effect no matter the tolerance

36
Q

Compensatory

A

Response model also addresses withdrawal systems

37
Q

Conditioning theory

A

Suggest detoxification that takes place in a very different environment from drug taking environment does not extinguish the context drug association

38
Q

Psychneuroimmunology

A

The interface between behavior, brain, and immunity

39
Q

Modeling casuality learning

A

When a organism is being conditioned it leans cause and effect relationships among events

40
Q

Phobia

A

An excessive and intensive fear

41
Q

Instinctive theory

A

States that sine fears are innate reactions to stimuli

42
Q

Characteristics of fear module

A
  1. Responds to certain stim
  2. Responding is automatic and involuntary
  3. The fear response is relatively ineffective by other modules
  4. There are specialized neural circuits
43
Q

Notion of preparedness

A

Explains the rapidity of fear learning, is persistence

44
Q

Learned associative bias

A

If you have had something happen before the experiment with the type of stimulus they are using ie already fear snakes

45
Q

Extinction

A

The presentation of the cs alone

46
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

The phobic stim is treated as a cs and is paired with a us that is pitiable with the fear

47
Q

Anxiety hierarchy

A

Example
You look at a picture of a snake
Then you go into a room with a snake
Then you touch the snake

48
Q

Contiguity

A

Entirely mental event inferred from observation

49
Q

Blocking

A

Step 1: condition the fear
Step 2: continues to 2 stim
The originally paired stim will have a greater reaction

50
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Bigger idea than classical conditioning
Learning depends on interaction w/environment
Reward increases chance of behavior
Punishment decreases chance of behavior

51
Q

Operant vs instrumental

A

Operant: open ended, no constraints
Instrumental: organism can respond only at certain opportunities

52
Q

Thorndike

A

Puzzle box
Pull a string -> step on platform-> turn latch -> get reward

53
Q

Trial and error learning

A

Köhler apes: three boxes to get to the banana
They keep trying to stack until they figure out what works

54
Q

Insight learning

A

Mostly restricted to humans
Humans take everything in and think before acting
Animals trial and error until they get what they want

55
Q

B.F Skinner

A

Pigeon guided bombs for war
Skinner box; automatic food dispenser

56
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Food,physical touch, social validation

57
Q

Shaping

A

How I taught Ellie to give paw, any reaction with the had gets a treat, slowly become more specific on what you want

58
Q

Schedules of reinforcement

A
  1. Every other time
  2. Every 4 times
  3. Always
  4. Fixed variable
  5. Randomized variable
59
Q

What is the best schedule for reinforcement

A

Randomized

60
Q

Possible contingency

A
  1. Reward training
  2. Punishment
  3. Omission, extinction, time out
  4. Escape, avoidance
61
Q

Extinction

A

Decrease in behavior when not rewarded

62
Q

Side effects of punishment

A

Conditioned fear, aggression, paradoxical rewarding

63
Q

Watson-Mowrer theory

A

Theory of avoidance learning, warning signal is paired with feared, escape is reinforced by fear reduction

64
Q

Learned helplessness

A

Dog in the box getting shocked
Powerless to help self
No release for stressful situations
Cure= assertive training

Learning & Memory (2 decks)

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