Chapter 1-5 Flashcards
Behavioral approach
- began in 1900s
- reaction to phenomenology and introspection
- goal=physiology as a science
- only observable behavior can be measured
Cognitive psychology
-began in 1960s
-addressed failures of behavioralism
- models internal mind states
-information processing
Human memory issues
-short term vs long term
-encoding
-retrieval
-implicit vs explicit memory
-development of memory
-forgetting
Declarative memory
Conscious
Things you can remember
Declarative memory 1
Episodic
Personal stories
“I ate - for breakfast “
Declarative state 2
Semantic
General knowledge
Facts that are there
Procedural
Non conscious
Writing,breathing,walking ect
Procedural 1
Cognitive
Thinking
Procedural 2
Motor
Doing
Learning vs memory
Learning: obtaining new knowledge or behavior
Memory: storage/recall of knowledge
Neuropsychology
Relating underlying biology to cognitive structure
Neuron
Functional unit of the brain
Axon
Passes information
Functional
Evolutionary explanation = learning mechanism is are adaptive
4 approaches to studying and learning
Behavioral, cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, functional
Habituation
Your behavior at first indicates that you notice the stimulus, but since it has no significance your reaction to repetition decreases
Sensitized
Opposite of habitation, you become more aware of stimulus after recognizing it
Orienting response
Reflex to something new
Thomas and spencer
Derived a list of parametric features of habituation
Parametric
Taking one dimension of a iv and systematically varying it to map out the changes in effect
Frequency of repetition
Spontaneous recovery
Effects of repeated habituations
Spacing of stimulations
Dishabituation
Two categories of habituation
Cognitive and neuroscience
Habituation explanation non learner
- Habituation is due to sensory adaptation
- Response or affect or fatigue
Habituation explanation
- Sensitization the size of responses increased across repetition
Can be described as an increase responsiveness to repeated stimulus
Engram
A word used to refer to the change that occurs in the nervous system to encode new learning
Sokolov
Theory postulates a comparator mechanism which comparison the current sensory input to the model stored in memory to determine if the stim is familiar
Wagner and Olson
Think that a stimulus could be represented in short term memory, long term memory, or both
Perceptual learning
Once we learn to perceive a stimulus it us easier to learn other things about the stimulus
Factors that affect perceptual learning
Presenting contrasting stimulus
Transferring from easy to difficult stimulus
Attention and feedback
Habituation
Decreasing responsiveness over repeated presentation only involving one stimulus
Classical conditioning example
Pavlov’s dog
Classical conditioning methods
Unconditional response: eye blink, heart rate
Conditioned stimulus: buzzer, lights
Taste aversion
Single trial long lasting extinction (cancer patients get sick, don’t eat that food again)
Discrimination
Opposite of generalization; similar stimulus do not produce the cr
Cerebellum
Located in the lower back portion of the brain
Where classical conditioning is located
Room-specific tolerance
If a drug is taken in a different environment then the usual , the composting response may not be evoked so the drug has full effect no matter the tolerance
Compensatory
Response model also addresses withdrawal systems
Conditioning theory
Suggest detoxification that takes place in a very different environment from drug taking environment does not extinguish the context drug association
Psychneuroimmunology
The interface between behavior, brain, and immunity
Modeling casuality learning
When a organism is being conditioned it leans cause and effect relationships among events
Phobia
An excessive and intensive fear
Instinctive theory
States that sine fears are innate reactions to stimuli
Characteristics of fear module
- Responds to certain stim
- Responding is automatic and involuntary
- The fear response is relatively ineffective by other modules
- There are specialized neural circuits
Notion of preparedness
Explains the rapidity of fear learning, is persistence
Learned associative bias
If you have had something happen before the experiment with the type of stimulus they are using ie already fear snakes
Extinction
The presentation of the cs alone
Systematic desensitization
The phobic stim is treated as a cs and is paired with a us that is pitiable with the fear
Anxiety hierarchy
Example
You look at a picture of a snake
Then you go into a room with a snake
Then you touch the snake
Contiguity
Entirely mental event inferred from observation
Blocking
Step 1: condition the fear
Step 2: continues to 2 stim
The originally paired stim will have a greater reaction
Operant conditioning
Bigger idea than classical conditioning
Learning depends on interaction w/environment
Reward increases chance of behavior
Punishment decreases chance of behavior
Operant vs instrumental
Operant: open ended, no constraints
Instrumental: organism can respond only at certain opportunities
Thorndike
Puzzle box
Pull a string -> step on platform-> turn latch -> get reward
Trial and error learning
Köhler apes: three boxes to get to the banana
They keep trying to stack until they figure out what works
Insight learning
Mostly restricted to humans
Humans take everything in and think before acting
Animals trial and error until they get what they want
B.F Skinner
Pigeon guided bombs for war
Skinner box; automatic food dispenser
Positive reinforcement
Food,physical touch, social validation
Shaping
How I taught Ellie to give paw, any reaction with the had gets a treat, slowly become more specific on what you want
Schedules of reinforcement
- Every other time
- Every 4 times
- Always
- Fixed variable
- Randomized variable
What is the best schedule for reinforcement
Randomized
Possible contingency
- Reward training
- Punishment
- Omission, extinction, time out
- Escape, avoidance
Extinction
Decrease in behavior when not rewarded
Side effects of punishment
Conditioned fear, aggression, paradoxical rewarding
Watson-Mowrer theory
Theory of avoidance learning, warning signal is paired with feared, escape is reinforced by fear reduction
Learned helplessness
Dog in the box getting shocked
Powerless to help self
No release for stressful situations
Cure= assertive training
