Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Organ Histology Exam 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

4 basic types of tissue

A

epithelial
connective
nervous
muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

General functions of Epithelium

A

Absorption
Secretion
Provide a barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Specialized functions of epithelium

A

transport of molecules across epithelium
prevent transport of materials (selective permeability)
Sensory (taste buds, retina)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Basic Characteristics of Epithelium

A
  1. Cells are adjacent to each other
  2. Associated with complete or partial basement membrane
  3. Avascular, obtains nutrition by diffusion
  4. Associated with vascular connective tissue
  5. Cells held together by cell junctions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Compele basement membrane components

A 
Basal lamina (from epithelium) 
Reticular lamina (from fibroblasts in CT)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Partial basement membrane components

A

basal lamina only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Functions of basement membrane

A
  1. provides surface for epithelial cell attachment
  2. molecular filter- very limited
  3. limits stretch
  4. directs migration of cells (healing)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Functions of vascular connective tissue

A
  1. provides nutrition

2. source of defensive cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Types of cell junctions

A

Zonula Occludens
Zonula Adherens
Macula Adherens
Gap Junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Zonula Occludens

A

aka Tight Junction

involves the sharing of intrinsic membrane proteins (interacting proteins) between adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Function of Zonula Occludens

A
  1. Provides strong attachment

2. Prevents the passage of materials between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Zonula Adherens

A

aka Adhesion belt
Consists of:
1. cadherins (linkage proteins between cells)
2. marginal bands (microfilaments) that attach cytoskeleton to cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Functions of Zonula Adherens

A
  1. strong attachment

2. Provides cell structural stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Macula Adherens

A

contains:
transmembrane proteins
protein plaque
Tonofilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Macula Adherens function

A

provides strong attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Gap junctions

A

6 connexins arranged in a cylinder
size of the openings controlled by the cell
Connexon = 1 complete structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gap Junction function

A

strong attachment

transport materials between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Junctional Complex

A

free edge
Zonula occuldens
Zonula adherens
Macula Adherens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

help connect epithelial cells to basal lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Focal Point Contacts

A

Integrin (transmembrane protein) binds to structural CT glycoproteins and connects to cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Bullous Pemphigoid

A

Autoimmune skin disease that causes large blisters that burst but Heal
Cause: antibodies bind to proteins in hemidesmosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pemphigus Vulgaris

A

Autoimmune skin disease causes blisters that Don’t Heal. Can be fatal
Cause: antibodies bind to parts of desmosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cholera

A

Acute bacterial infection of small intestines
Cause: toxins disrupt proteins in zonula occludens, permiting the loss of water and electrolytes from CT below epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Types of Simple Epithelium

A

Simple Squamous
Simple Cuboidal
Simple Columnar
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium (respiratory epithelium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Simple Squamous

A

single layer flattened cells

ex. Lungs, parietal layer Bowman’s capsule, serosa on outside of organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Functions of Simple Squamous

A

living filter
Provides a barrier
Secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Simple Cuboidal

A

Single layer of cube shaped cells whose nucleus occupies much of the cytoplasm

ex. Exocrine ducts, thyroid follicular cells, kidney tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Functions of Simple Cuboidal

A

Absorption
Secretion
Provides a barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Simple Columnar

A

Single layer of cells that have height and more cytoplasm that simple cuboidal

ex. stomach, small intestines, gallbladder, larger exocrine ducts

30
Q

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar (Respiratory Epithelium)

A

Contains 3 cell types of various heights

Ex. trachea, respiratory region of nasal cavity, bronchi

31
Q

Cell Types in Respiratory Epithelium

A

Goblet Cells
Ciliated Columnar Cells
Basal Cells

32
Q

Goblet cells

A

modified columnar cell

Functions to produce mucus

33
Q

Ciliated Columnar Cells

A

contain cilia that are anchored to apex of cell by basal bodies

Functions to move mucus over surface

34
Q

Basal Cells

A

short pyramidal cells that do not reach the surface

Functions as the stem cell for this type of epithelium

35
Q

Types of Surface Specializations

A

Microvili
Stereocilia
Cilia
Glycocalyx

36
Q

Microvili

A

Aka: brush border of striated border
Finger like projections at the apical surface o some epithelial cells

ex. kindney tubule cells, small intestines

37
Q

Microvili function

A

to increase surface area so as to increase absorption

38
Q

Stereocilia

A

very long and more rare type of microvili. Not related to true cilia- non-motile w/ rigid actin core

ex. epididymis, cochlear hair cells

39
Q

Stereocilia Function

A

to increase surface area

40
Q

Cilia

A

thin apical hair-like extensions of the cytoskeleton

  • cells have many mitochondria
  • basal bodies block the free surface, so there is no absorption or secretion

ex. trachea, oviduct

41
Q

Cilia Function

A

to move something over a surface

42
Q

Glycocalyx

A

surface layer of glycoproteins and carbohydrates that covers some epithelium
- produced by epithelial cells

Ex. stomach and small intestine

43
Q

Glycocalyx Function

A

Protection, cell recognition

44
Q

Stratified Epithelium and types

A

2 or more cell layers thick, named for shape of superficial cells. All have protective function

Stratified Squamous
Keratinized Stratified Squamous 
Stratified Cuboidal 
Stratified Columnar
Transitional (Urinary)
45
Q

Stratified Squamous

A

multiple layers of cells that flatten superficially. Superficial layer of cells are flat and alive

Ex. Esophagus, oral cavity, tongue, vagina

46
Q

Function of Stratified Squamous

A

protection from abrasion in moist environment

47
Q

Limitations of Stratified Squamous

A

No protection from drying

Limited thickness bc superficial cells are alive and recieve nutrition by diffusion, so protection is limited

48
Q

Keratinized Stratified Squamous

A

multiple layers of cells that tend to flatten superficially.
Superficial layer covered by an added nonliving layer of keratin

Ex. Skin

49
Q

Function of Keratinized Stratified Squamous

A

protection in a dry environment

50
Q

Layers in epithelium of skin

A 
stratum basale (germinativum) 
Stratum spinosum 
Stratum granulosum 
Stratum lucidum 
Stratum Corneum
51
Q

Stratum basale (germinativum)

A

1-2 layers of keratinocytes that are mitotic and closest to the dermis

52
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A
  • multiple layers of “spiny shaped” keratinocytes that produce lipids and keratohyaline vacuoles
  • Keratinocytes have cytokeratin tonofilaments that radiate out from the nuclear region
  • Thickness varies
53
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A
  • uppermost 2-5 layers of flattened living karatinocytes that contain flattened, condensed keratohyaline granules
  • exocytosis of lipid-filled lamellar granules occurs here
54
Q

stratum lucidum

A
  • thin layer of recently dead or dying keratinocytes present only in thick skin
  • not easy to see, nucleus and organelles not present
55
Q

Stratum corneum

A
  • layer of dead cells, keratin and lips. Variable thickness

-3 functions:
prevents water loss
Provides a barrier to microbes
protects against abrasion

56
Q

Keratinocytes

A
  • typical cell type
  • can divide in stratum basale
  • produces keratins/keratohyaline granules and lipids in stratum granulosum
  • 28 day life span
57
Q

Structures that contribute strength to keratinized stratified squamous

A 
Epidermal pegs (rete ridges) and dermal papillae. 
increase surface area for attachment of epithelium to CT below
58
Q

Other cell types in Keratinized stratified squamous

A

Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells (epithelial tactile cells)

59
Q

How Melanocytes function

A
  • Keratinocytes phagocytize the cytoplasmic tips of the melanocytes contraining the melanosomes with the melanin
60
Q

Function of Melanocytes

A
  • protect against UV radiation

- about equal # in all humans

61
Q

Layer location of Melanocytes

A

Stratum basale

62
Q

Influencers of Skin color

A
  • Environmental influences (UV light increases melanocyte #s and melanin
  • Genetics
  • # of blood vessels in dermis
63
Q

How Genetic influences skin color

A

Eumelanin (dark) or pheomelanin (red)

placement of melanin

Destruction of melanin by lysosomes

64
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Aka epidermal dendritic cell

  • recognize and process external antigens
  • Antigen presenting cells
65
Q

Layer location of Langerhans cells

A

Stratum Spinosum

66
Q

Merkel Cells

A

aka Epithelial tactile cells

  • provide touch receptors
  • associated with free nerve endings
67
Q

Merkel cell layer location

A

Stratum basale

68
Q

changes in melanocyte and Langerhans cell levels in response to UV light

A

Melanocyte levels increase

Langerhans cells decrease

69
Q

Stratified Cuboidal

A

2 layers of cell. Flattened basal layer and cuboid superficial layer (not common)

ex. larger ducts in sweat glands and salivary glands

70
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Functions

A

increase protection

Provide a barrier

71
Q

Stratified Columnar

A

2 layers of cells. Flattened to cuboid basal layer. Columnar superficial layer (very rare)

ex. large ducts in pancreas, parts of male urethra, conjunctiva of eye

72
Q

Function of Stratified Columnar

A
  1. to increase protection
  2. provide transition between epithelial types
  3. Provide a barrier

Organ Histology Exam 1 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions