Chapter 1 Flashcards
Alice walker
The color purple
Development
The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through life
Life span perspective
Perspective that development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, Etc. involves growth maintenance and regulation
Context
Setting in which development occurs
Plasticity
The capacity for change
Three context influence types
- Normative age graded
- Normative history graded
- Nonnormative or highly individualized life events
Normative age graded influences
Biological and environmental Influences that are similar for individuals In a particular age group (puberty menopause)
Normative history graded influence
Biological and environmental influences associated with history. (911)
Nonnormative life events
Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on a persons life (death in a family at a young age)
3 goals of human development
Growth
Maintenance
Regulation of loss
Culture
The behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation
Cross-cultural studies
Comparisons of the aspects of two or more cultures. Provides info about the development( similar, universal)
Ethnicity
A range of characteristics rooted in cultural heritage including nationality race religion and language.
Socioeconomic status (ses)
A persons position within a society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
Gender
The characteristics of people as females or males
Social policy
A national governments course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens
Biological processes
Changes in an individual’s physical nature
Cognitive processes
Changes in an individual’s thoughts, intelligence, and language
Socioemotional processes
Changes in an individual’s relationship with other ppl, emotions, and personality
Developmental period
Time frame in a persons life that is characterized by certain features.
8 developmental periods
Prenatal period Infancy Early childhood Middle / late childhood Adolescents Early adulthood Middle adulthood Late adulthood
Prenatal period
Time from conception to birth
Infancy
Period from birth to 18-24 months
Early childhood
From end of infancy to 5-6 aka preschool years
Middle and late childhood
6-11
Adolescence
10/12-18/22
Early adulthood
Late teens or early 20’s through thirties
Middle adulthood
40-60
Late adulthood
60’s or 70’s until death
Ted kacynski
Unabomber
Four types of age
- chronological
- Psychological
- Social
- Biological
Biological age
A persons age in terms of biological health
Psychological age
Individual’s adaptive capacities compared to others of the same chronological age
Social age
Connectedness with others and the social roles individual’s adopt
Chronological age
Number of years that have elapsed since birth
Freuds five stages of psychosexual development
Oral stage Anal stage Phallic stage Latency stage Genital stage
Oral stage
Infants pleasure centers on mouth (birth - 1 1/2)
Anal stage
Childs pleasure focuses on anus (11/2-3)
Phallic stage
Childs pleasure focuses on genitals (3-6)
Latency stage
Child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills (6- puberty)
Genital stage
Time of sexual reawakening source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family (puberty onward)
Nature
Organisms biological inheritance
Nurture
Environmental experiences
Stability change issue
The debate about the degree to which early traits and hats geriatrics persist through life or change
Continuity discontinuity issue
The debate about the extent to which development involves gradual cumulative change or distinct stages (discontinuity)
Theory
Set of ideas to help explain data
Hypothesis
Prediction derived from theories that can be tested
Psychoanalytic theories
Theories holding that development depends on the unconscious mind and is heavily couched in emotion. Early experiences are important in development
Eriksons theory
Psychosocial theory in which 8stages of development unfold throughout life.
Eight stages (erikson)
Trust vs mistrust(first stage first year of life) Autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3). Initiative vs guilt (3rd preschool yrs) industry vs inferiority (elementary school) identity vs identity confusion (adolescence). Intimacy vs isolation (early adult). Generativity vs stagnation (middle adulthood). Integrity vs despair (late)
Piagets theory
Theory that children construct their understanding of the world and go through 4 stages of cognitive development
Piagets 4 stages
sensorimotor stage- birth - 2 years
Preoperational stage 2-7
Concrete operational stage 7-11
Formal operational stage 11-15
Operations
Internalized mental actions that allow children to do mentally what they could only do physically
Vygotsky theory
Cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide development
Stability change issue
The debate about the degree to which early traits and hats geriatrics persist through life or change
Continuity discontinuity issue
The debate about the extent to which development involves gradual cumulative change or distinct stages (discontinuity)
Theory
Set of ideas to help explain data
Hypothesis
Prediction derived from theories that can be tested
Psychoanalytic theories
Theories holding that development depends on the unconscious mind and is heavily couched in emotion. Early experiences are important in development
Eriksons theory
Psychosocial theory in which 8stages of development unfold throughout life.
Eight stages (erikson)
Trust vs mistrust(first stage first year of life) Autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3). Initiative vs guilt (3rd preschool yrs) industry vs inferiority (elementary school) identity vs identity confusion (adolescence). Intimacy vs isolation (early adult). Generativity vs stagnation (middle adulthood). Integrity vs despair (late)
Piagets theory
Theory that children construct their understanding of the world and go through 4 stages of cognitive development
Piagets 4 stages
sensorimotor stage- birth - 2 years
Preoperational stage 2-7
Concrete operational stage 7-11
Formal operational stage 11-15
Operations
Internalized mental actions that allow children to do mentally what they could only do physically
Vygotsky theory
Cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide development
Information processing theory
Theory emphasizes individual’s manipulate info, monitor it. And strategize it. Memory and thinking are central
Behavioral and social cognitive theories
Development can be described in terms of behavior learned through interactions
Social cognitive theory
Behavior environment and person/ cognitive factors are important in understanding development
Skinner
Believed in stimulus that made a person who they are. Positive stimulus resulted in continuous behavior neg would cause a halt in the behavior
Banduras theory
Leading architect of social cog theory imitation and modeling monkey see monkey do. Three elements: behavior, the person, and environment.
Ethology
Study of behavior in animals in their natural habitat
Lorenza research
Goose guy imprinting
Bowl u
Attachment to caregiver over first year of life
Bronfrenbrenner
Developed ecological theory.
Experiment
Regulated procedure in which one or more factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant
Apa guidelines
Informed consent confidentiality debriefing deception
Cohort effects
Effects due to a subjects time of birth or generation not age
