Chapter 1 Flashcards
In China during the Qin and Eastern Han dynsasties 221 BC to 220 AD, explain how impressions were used as a means of identification.
Documents of bamboo strips were sealed with Clay. One one side was the persons nam, the other their FP impression. Later when paper was invented it became common to sign using FP impressions
What country used fingerprint impressions as proof of a persons identity the earliest? When, and how old are the oldest friction skin impressions found to date?
- China used FP impressions as proof of identity as early as 300 BC
- earthenware estimated to be 6000 years old holds clear FP impressions that are the oldest ones to date
It’s assumed that trade practices between countries led to other nations adopting FP identification use. What countries and what did they do?
Japan—Domestic law in 702 required that the husband sign with his index finger if he was unable to write his statement
India– in 1637 use of palmprints used by nobility
In 17th and 18th centuries European scientists began publishing their observations of human skin. In his 1684 paper, he was the first to describe friction ridge skin in detail. Who?
Dr Neremiah Grew from London England
In 1684 the Italian physiologist Dr Marcello Malpighi published “Concerning the external tactile organs.” What is credited with doing?
Malpighi was the first to use the newly invented microscope for medical studies
- he noted that friction ridges increased friction between the skin and surface
- a layer of skin was named after him “stratum Malpighi”
Talk about one of the earliest fingerprint records in Canada.
- a petroglyph scratched into a slate rock at Kejimkoojik Lake, Nova Scotia
- ## an outline of a human hand with scratches for creases, and circular markings on fingertips representative of patterns
In 1685 Dutch anatomist Govard Bidloo published “Anatomy of the Human body” included details of the skin and papillary ridges of the thumb but failed to address?
It failed to address individualization or permanence
In 1788 German doctor JCA Mayer wrote a book that contained detailed drawings of friction ridge skin patterns. It was an atlas of anatomical illustrations. Mayer was the first to state what?
Mayer was the first to write that although specific friction arrangements may be similar, they are never duplicated
Was the first to write that they were UNIQUE
In 1823 who’s thesis classified fingerprint patterns into nine categories, amd why was his contribution significant?
It was Dr Johannes Purkinje
His contribution of nine pattern types was the precursor to the Henry classification system
Although Herman Welcker printed his own hand in 1856 and again in 1897, who is cited as being the first to study the persistence of friction ridge skin?
Sir William James Herschel
- born in England–moved to India and worked for East India Company–used a mans palmprint on a contract–first official use of friction ridge skin by a European
- -took his own prints, family’s, friends
- -took own prints in 1859,1877,1916 to demonstrate permanence
Let’s talk about Henry Faulds.
- a medical missionary he opened a hospital in Japan
- conduct research by collecting prints of monkeys and people
- wrote a letter to Charles Darwin in 1880–wrote that friction ridges were unique and classifiable, and alluded to their permanence
- that year in article “Nature” Faulds proposed using friction ridge individualization at crime scenes
- Faulds was the first to publish this in a journal
What did Alphonse Bertillion develop while working as a clerk in the Prefecture of Police in Paris in 1879?
- began studying body measurements of various criminals, and developed anthropometry: first used in 1882
- anthropometry is the study of body measurements for identification purposes
- used on criminals across most of the world from 1882-1914–fingerprints were eventually added so a complete anthropometric record included prints, photos, and 11 body measurements
In Arthur Kollman’s 1883 publication he was the first to identify the….
The first to identify the presence and locations of the volar pads on the hands and feet
Also the first to address the formation of friction ridges on the fetus and the random physical stresses and tensions which may have played a part in their growth
Born in England, Sir Francis Galton was a prominent scientist and cousin of Charles Darwin. Talk about his book and what he did.
His book “Finger Prints” was the first book on fingerprints– in it he established that friction skin was unique and persistent.
Because he was the first to define and name print minutiae, they became known as Galton details: a dividing ridge, the end of a ridge, a short island, and an enclosure
Who was employed as a statistician with the La Plata police dept in Argentina, and what were his contributions?
Juan Vucetich– was promoted to the head of Anthropometric Identification– recorded criminals prints, and devised his own classification system– this was the first practical use of of the fingerprint science by law enforcement
- 1892- in Buenos Aires two children of Francisca Rojas were murdered–Rojas herself had a throat wound, and Velasquez was accused–Insp Alvarez found Rojas’ bloody thumbprint on the door and she confessed ( Insp Alvarez was trained by Vucetich)
- this was the first homicide solved by fingerprint evidence
