Chapter 1

Question 1

Cross-Sectional Design

Answer 1

A research method in which children of different ages are compared on a given behavior or characteristic over a short period

Question 2

The amount of agreement in the observation of different raters who witness the same behavior

Answer 2

Interrater Reliability

Question 3

Examination of ongoing behavior in an environment not controlled by the researcher.

Answer 3

Naturalistic Observation

Question 4

Approaches that propose that development involves a series of discontinuous, age-related phases.

Answer 4

Stage Theories

Question 5

Genome

Answer 5

each person’s complete set of hereditary information

Question 6

Structured Observation

Answer 6

A method that involves presenting an identical situation to each child and recording the child’s behavior.

Question 7

The degree to which independent measurements of a given behavior are consistent.

Answer 7

Reliability

Question 8

Continuous Development

Answer 8

the idea that changes with age occur gradually, in small increments, like that of a pine tree growing taller and taller.

Question 9

A research method in which children of different ages are compared on a given behavior or characteristic over a short period

Answer 9

Cross-Sectional Design

Question 10

Discontinuous Development

Answer 10

the idea that changes with age include occasional large shifts, like the transition from caterpillar to cocoon to butterfly.

Question 11

Interrater Reliability

Answer 11

The amount of agreement in the observation of different raters who witness the same behavior

Question 12

Clinical Interview

Answer 12

A procedure in which questions are adjusted in accord with the answers the interviewee provides

Question 13

The environments, both physical and social, that influence our development.

Answer 13

Nurture

Question 14

Methylation

Answer 14

A biochemical process that influences behavior by suppressing gene activity and expression

Question 15

The study of stable changes in gene expression that are mediated by the environment.

Answer 15

Epigenetics

Question 16

The Degree to which results can be generalized beyond the particulars of the research

Answer 16

External Validity

Question 17

Nurture

Answer 17

The environments, both physical and social, that influence our development.

Question 18

Stage Theories

Answer 18

Approaches that propose that development involves a series of discontinuous, age-related phases.

Question 19

Internal Validity

Answer 19

the degree to which effects observed within experiments can be attributed to the factor that the researcher is testing.

Question 20

a research procedure in which all participants are asked the same questions.

Answer 20

Structured Interview

Question 21

the degree to which effects observed within experiments can be attributed to the factor that the researcher is testing.

Answer 21

Internal Validity

Question 22

Validity

Answer 22

The degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.

Question 23

the idea that changes with age include occasional large shifts, like the transition from caterpillar to cocoon to butterfly.

Answer 23

Discontinuous Development

Question 24

Microgenetic Design

Answer 24

a method in which the same children are studied repeatedly over a small period of time.

Question 25

A method that involves presenting an identical situation to each child and recording the child’s behavior.

Answer 25

Structured Observation

Question 26

the physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical circumstances that make up any child’s environment.

Answer 26

Sociocultural Context

Question 27

Cognitive Development

Answer 27

The development of thinking and reasoning

Question 28

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 28

Examination of ongoing behavior in an environment not controlled by the researcher.

Question 29

chemicals involved in communication among brain cells

Answer 29

Neurotransmitters

Question 30

Epigenetics

Answer 30

The study of stable changes in gene expression that are mediated by the environment.

Question 31

Sociocultural Context

Answer 31

the physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical circumstances that make up any child’s environment.

Question 32

Reliability

Answer 32

The degree to which independent measurements of a given behavior are consistent.

Question 33

The degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.

Answer 33

Validity

Question 34

Neurotransmitters

Answer 34

chemicals involved in communication among brain cells

Question 35

Longitudinal Design

Answer 35

A method of study in which the same children are studied twice or more over a substantial length of time

Question 36

A procedure in which questions are adjusted in accord with the answers the interviewee provides

Answer 36

Clinical Interview

Question 37

the idea that changes with age occur gradually, in small increments, like that of a pine tree growing taller and taller.

Answer 37

Continuous Development

Question 38

an approach to testing beliefs that involves choosing a question, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and drawing a conclusion.

Answer 38

Scientific Method

Question 39

The development of thinking and reasoning

Answer 39

Cognitive Development

Question 40

each person’s complete set of hereditary information

Answer 40

Genome

Question 41

External Validity

Answer 41

The Degree to which results can be generalized beyond the particulars of the research

Question 42

A biochemical process that influences behavior by suppressing gene activity and expression

Answer 42

Methylation

Question 43

Scientific Method

Answer 43

an approach to testing beliefs that involves choosing a question, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and drawing a conclusion.

Question 44

Structured Interview

Answer 44

a research procedure in which all participants are asked the same questions.