Chapter 1

Question 1

According to Pinker what is the decline of violence?

Answer 1

fractal phenomenon

Question 2

PInker: 4 explanations why violence has declined.

Answer 2

1. Anarchy (invade your neighbors before they invade you)
2. Life was seen as “cheap”
3. Non-Zero Sum game. “non-violence benefits both parties.”
4. Circle “we now have empathy”

Question 3

What 4 concepts are related to violence and aggression?

Answer 3

1. Elusive 2. Ubiquitious 3. Transforming 4. Thrilling

Question 4

Buss Definition 1961

Answer 4

Aggression is a response that delivers noxious stimuli to another organism

Question 5

Dollard

Answer 5

Aggression…is an act whose goal response is injury to an organism

Question 6

What does goal response mean?

Answer 6

Motivation and striving (intent)

Question 7

Dollard 1939

Answer 7

Accidents are NOT aggression because there is no goal response.

Question 8

Baron and Richardson

Answer 8

Aggression in any form of behavior direct towards the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment.

Question 9

Cambridge Dictionary Definition of aggression

Answer 9

Spoken or physical behavior which is threatening or involving harm to someone or something.

Question 10

Aggressive (non-negative)

Answer 10

Being determined to win or succeed and using strong methods to achieve victory or success.

Question 11

Working definiton of aggression

Answer 11

Aggression is the delivery or an aversive stimulus from one person to another with intent to harm and with an expectation of causing such harm, when the other person is motivated to escape or avoid stimulus.

Question 12

Forms of aggression:

Answer 12

Gossip, Damaging property, social snub

Question 13

**It is customary to classify aggressive behavior into two categories.

Answer 13

1. affective aggression 2. instrumental aggression

Question 14

Affective aggression

Answer 14

in which harming the victim is the main motive for the action

Question 15

Instrumental aggression

Answer 15

– which may or may not involve strong emotions but it is motivated by concerns more important to the aggressor than harm doing itself.

Question 16

Delayed response

Answer 16

state of impulse, it disposes the person to action, it is often accompanied by bodily arousal. – It can be preoccupation that takes attention away from other matters.

Question 17

Reactive aggression

Answer 17

aggressive behavior that is enacted in response to provocation, such as attack or an insult its manifested in both self-defense and angry reactions (Crick & Dodge 1996)

Question 18

Proactive aggression

Answer 18

aggression that is initiated without apparent provocation, not evoked by anger, hostility, or the needs to defend oneself. Motive – Obtaining goods, asserting power, assuming the approval of reference groups and other goals.

Question 19

Lorenz’s definition of aggression

Answer 19

Behavior triggers by specific external stimuli following a progressive accumulation of aggression specific energy within the person.

Question 20

Three types of research methods

Answer 20

1. Observation
2. Correlation
3. Experimental

Question 21

Outcomes

Answer 21

Likely hood of aggression being rewarded

Question 22

Self-effacy

Answer 22

If reinforced child also develops a sense of confidence in his or her ability to execute the necessary aggressive behaviors

Question 23

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 23

(important part in aggression as a cognitive processes in relation of provocation and aggression.

Question 24

organizing effects

Answer 24

Influence the bodily development and structure and function of the nervous system in the fetus prior to birth

Question 25

Activating effects

Answer 25

CAN CAUSE CHANGES IN THE MOODS AND behaviors of animals after birth, outcomes that are called

Question 26

A definition of aggression was presented that focuses on three aspects

Answer 26

namely harmful consequences, intention and expectancy of inflicting harm, and desire by the target person to avoid the harmful treatment.

Question 27

Intention

Answer 27

inflicting harm on the target,

Question 28

Anticipation

Answer 28

that the action will produce a particular outcome.

Question 29

Baron and Richardson (1994) has three important implications:

Answer 29

Aggressive behaviour is characterised by its underlying motivation (to harm or injure another living being), not by its consequences (whether or not harm or injury actually occurs).
A necessary feature of the intention to harm is the actor’s understanding that the behaviour in question has the potential to cause harm or injury to the target.
Defining aggression as behaviour that the target would want to avoid means that actions that may cause harm but which are performed with the target’s consent, such as painful medical treatment, do not represent instances of aggression.

Question 30

Direct aggression

Answer 30

Direct aggression involves a face-to-face confrontation between the aggressor and the target,

Question 31

Indirect aggression

Answer 31

aimed at harming other people behind their back by spreading rumours about them or otherwise damaging their peer relationships

Question 32

Hostile

Answer 32

primary motive for aggressive behaviour may be either the desire to harm another person as an expression of negative feelings

Question 33

Instrumental

Answer 33

aim of achieving an intended goal by means of the aggressive act,

Question 34

Coersion

Answer 34

is defined by Tedeschi and Felson (1994, p. 168) as “an action taken with the intention of imposing harm on another person or forcing compliance.”

Question 35

Violence

Answer 35

intention of causing serious harm that involve the use or threat of physical force,

Question 36

physical force

Answer 36

such as hitting someone over the head, or – in the ultimate form – taking another person’s life.

Question 37

Geen/ Archer definition of violence

Answer 37

“the infliction of intense force upon persons or property for the purposes of destruction, punishment, or control” (Geen, 1995, p. 669), or as “physically damaging assaults which are not socially legitimised in any way” (Archer & Browne, 1989, p. 11).

Question 38

6 functions of violent behavior

Answer 38

(1) change of, or escape from, aversive situations; (2) positive reinforcement (i.e., attainment of a particular goal); (3) release of negative affective arousal; (4) resolution of conflict; (5) gaining of respect; and (6) attack on a culturally defined “enemy,” (i.e., a member of a devalued out-group).

Question 39

Structural violence

Answer 39

is seen as a latent feature of social systems that leads to social inequality and injustice

Question 40

measurement reactivity

Answer 40

(i.e., people’s tendency to change their usual patterns of behaviour because they are aware that they are under observation).

Question 41

Observational measures in natural contexts mainly come in two forms:

Answer 41

Naturalistic observation and field experience

Question 42

Naturalistic observation

Answer 42

which the researcher records behaviour as it unfolds naturally without manipulating the situation in any way,

Question 43

Field experience

Answer 43

systematic yet unobtrusive manipulation of certain variables to observe the effects of that manipulation on the likelihood of aggressive behaviour.

Question 44

laboratory experiments. In this setting, situations can be created by the investigator to meet three essential criteria:

Answer 44

1. that respondents are exposed to an experimental manipulation aimed at influencing their aggressive response tendencies
   2.that they can be randomly assigned to the experimental and control conditions
   3 that many factors which might influence participants’ behaviour over and above the experimental treatment can be controlled.

Question 45

Goal direction

Answer 45

reactive (hostile) proactive (instrumental)

Question 46

response quality

Answer 46

action vs failure to act

Question 47

immediacy

Answer 47

direct vs indirect

Question 48

visibility

Answer 48

overt vs covert

Question 49

instigation

Answer 49

unprovoked vs retaliative

Question 50

Types of damage

Answer 50

psysical vs psychological

Question 51

duration of effects

Answer 51

trasient vs long term

Question 52

social units involved

Answer 52

individual vs groups