Chapter 1 Flashcards
The scientific examination of physical evidence for legal purposes.
Criminalistics
Includes a psychological angle: studying the crime scene from motive, traits, and behavior that will help to interpret evidence.
Criminology
List the steps of the scientific method.
- ) observe a problem or question evidence and collect objective data
- ) consider a hypothesis or possible solution
- ) examined, test, and then analyze the evidence
- ) determine the significance of the evidence
- ) formulate a theory based on evaluation of significance of the evidence
List five departments commonly found in a crime lab.
Physical science unit, biology unit, firearms unit, document examination unit, photography unit
Where are the two basic crime lab areas from Marshall?
Effingham and Springfield
Crime labs can be government run at the federal state or local level , or they can be?
Private consulting business
List five of the specialty areas in forensics.
- ) forensic pathology
- ) forensic psychiatry
- ) geology
- ) polygraphy
- ) Cybertechnology
The FBI was established in?
1905
The federal rules of evidence that determine what evidence is excepted in court were enacted in what?
1975
The computerized A F I S was established by the FBI in what?
1996
The first FBI crime lab was created in?
1932
In 1900, human blood groups are identified by?
Karl Landsteiner
Locard formulate his principal in?
1904
What are some federal crime labs?
FBI, DEA, ATF, USPS
A group of professional investigators, each trained in a variety of special disciplines.
Crime scene team
What are some of the team members on the crime scene team?
The first police officer on the scene, medics, investigators, medical examiners, photographer , evidence technician
Written by the federal or state legislature?
Ex.??
Constitutional law- freedom of speech, freedom of religion
Written law based on the constitution, recognizes previous decisions as precedence, changes due to new decisions.
Ex.)??
Statutory law -constitution amendments
Developed by judges based on decisions from other cases; set by the Supreme Court.ex.)???
Common law – row versus Wade, Regas verse Palmer
Involves nonviolent conflicts related to property between individuals. Ex.)??
Civil law –malpractice suits, trespassing,divorces, annulments, wills, title transfers
Public law: regulation and enforcement of rights and offenses to society?
Criminal law
A petty offense? Ex.)??
Infraction. Littering jaywalking traffic tickets
Minor offense? Ex.)??
Misdemeanor. Theft, minor assault, drug possession, vandalism
Major offense? Ex.)??
Felony . —Murder, rape, I’m robbery, assault and battery, forgery, dealing in manufacturing drugs
Remedial or preventative methods not covered by common laws? What is in example?
Equity law. And example would be injunctions and restraining orders
Rules or laws established by governmental agencies? What is an example of that?
Administrative law. And example would be IRS and Social Security Aid
Related to crimes committed while enlisted in military branches? What is an example of that?
Military law. An example of that would be court-martials, crimes committed on foreign soil’s, murder on military bases.
What are the two court systems?
Federal court and state court
What courts are under the federal court?
- ) district court
- ) court of appeals
- ) district court
Courts are under the state court?
Trial court, Juvenile Court, Family Court, city courts, state Supreme Court
What is the power of court to hear a case?
Jurisdiction
The right of a court to try case for the first time?
Original jurisdiction
Right of a court to hear an appeal?
Appellate jurisdiction
Restricted to hearing only certain types of cases in the court?
Subject matter
Court hears cases only of crimes took place in a given area?
Geographical jurisdiction
The surrendering of a suspected criminal to a different jurisdiction? it varies between the states and countries.
Extradition
What are the seven steps in the justice system?
- ) preliminary hearing
- ) indictment
- ) arrest
- ) arraignment
- ) evidentiary hearing
- ) trial
- ) sentencing hearing
In this prosecution presents the cases to determine if there is enough evidence for an arrest, discovery of evidence is provided. This must occur 48 hours after detainment.
Preliminary hearing
Also called a grand jury – uses a panel of people determine for felonies, not required for state courts.
Indictment
Read Miranda rights, booked , fingerprinted, photographed, and jailed; can involve a warrant.
Arrest
Brought before the court to hear charges, enter a plea, check on a counsel, and have bond set.
Arraignment
Introduces new evidence, determines jury, hears appeals.
Evidentiary hearing
Evidence is presented by both the prosecution and defense, can be decided by the judge or jury?
Trial
If found guilty during the trial, sets fines and jail terms, family members have a chance to speak.
Sentencing hearing
Frye Standard vs United States was in?
1923
In this the jury can decide whether the evidence has any significance to the case.
General Acceptance
Daubert Ruling vs Merrel Dow pharmaceuticals was in?
1993— in this trial judge assumes the responsibility for admission in the evidence and validity. Must be testable inflow the substandards evidence endorses a classical definition of the scientific method that includes testing hypothesis estimate Siri and public a steering reviews
What are the Miranda rights used for?
The Miranda rights are said to a criminal when they are arrested.
In order for scientific evidence to be admitted in a court of law, it must be probative and materials
True
This actually prove something?
Probabitive
This address is an issue that is relevant to the particular crime
Material
To prove a case of the what must be established?
“MMO”
Person had a reason to do the crime ( not necessary to prove in a court of law)
Motive
Person Had. the ability to do the crime
Means
Person can be placed at the crime scene
Opportunity
Who invented the Locard principal?
Edmond Locard
Edmond Locard was what?
A French professor, he was considered the father of criminalistics, he built the world’s first forensic laboratory in France in 1910.
What is the Locard exchange principal?
Whenever 2 objects come into contact with each other, there is always a transfer of material .
The study and application of science to matters of law
Forensic science
The study of matter and the changes it undergoes?
Chemistry
The study of living organisms
Biology
Study you have guns and explosives
Fire arms
The age type of ink paper and all the other details of document
Document examination
The study of the adverse effects of chemicals or physical agents on living organisms
Toxicology
Examination of physical evidence
Criminalistics
And imprint made by ridge patterns on the tip of my finger
Fingerprints
Do use of a lie detector
Polygraphy
Desiccation a sudden unexplained ultraviolet death
Pathobiology
Rights by the Constitution that police must tell arrestees about, especially the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney.
Maranda rights
Money to guarantee appearance
Bail
Type of jury with more than 12 jurors
Grand jury
Secondhand testimony not admissible in criminal court
Hearsay
Federal agency dealing with drugs?
DEA
Originator of the rule that evidence is always exchange it on the counter
Locard
The generally acceptance standards
Frye
The revision of the FRYE standard
Dauberi
