Chapter 1 Flashcards
Chemistry
the study of the composition, sturcture, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes
Chemical
any substance that has a definite composition
Organic Chemistry
the study of most carbon-containing compounds
Inorganice Chemistry
the study of all substances not classified as organic, mainly those compounds that do not contain carbon
Physical Chemistry
the study of the properties changes, and relationships between energy and matter
Analytical Chemistry
the identification of the components and composition of materials
Biochemistry
the study of substances and processes occurring in living things
Theoretical Chemistry
the use of mathematics and computers to design and predict the properties of new compounds
Basic Research
- carried out for the sake of increading knowledge
- result=chance discoveries
Applied Research
-carried out to solve a specifc problem
Technology vs. Science
Technology is the use of scientific knowledge to produce products that improve our quality of life (application of science)
Mass
a measure of the amount of matter present
measures in grams
Matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
Atom
the smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element
Element
- a pure substance made of only one kind of atom
- on periodic table
- cannot be reduced into simpler building blocks of matter
Compound
- a substance that is made from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded
- compound=molecules
- can be broken down into simpler components by an ordinary chemical change
- have specific chemical formulas and chemical names
Extensive Properties
depend on the amount of matter that is present
Intensive Properties
do not depend on the amounf of matter present
Physical Property
a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance
Physical Change
a change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance
Change of State
a physical change of a substance from one state to another
Solid
when matter has a difinite volume and definite shape
Liquid
when matter has a definite volume but an indefinite shape
Gas
when matter has neither a definite volume nor definite state
Chemical Property
relates to a substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances
Chemical Change/Reacction
a change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances
Reactants
the substances that react in a chemical change
Products
the substances that are formed by the chemical change
Mixture
- composed of more than one substance
- typically vary in composition from one sample to another sample
- further categorized by uniformity and properties of the sample
- a blend/combination of two or more kinds of matter, each retaining its own identity and properties
Pure Substance
has a fixed composition and differs from a mixture in the following ways:
- Every sample of a pure substance has exactly the same characteristic properties
- Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same composition
- composed of one substance and has the same composistion throughout
- Homogeneous-only one substance
Groups/Families
the vertical columns of the periodic table
Periods
the horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table
Metal
an element that is a good conductor of heat and electricity
Nonmetal
an element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity
Metalloid
an element that has some characteristics of metals ans some characteristics of nonmetals
Noble Gases
Group 18 (far right)-generally unreactive and gases at room temperature
Volume
The 3-D space occupied by matter
measured in mL, L, cm^3
Properties of Matter
boiling point, melting point, density, solubility, polarity, freezing point
Homogeneous Mixture (solution)
- Homo=samt; looks the same throughout
- well blended, uniform consistency
- cannot see the individual components that make up the mixture with the naked eye
Hetergeneous Mixture
- Heter=different; looks different throughout substance
- not uniform throughout, each sample may differ
- indivdual components of the mixtrue are visible
Separation Techniques
Filtration, chromatography, distilation, centrifuge, magnetism, mechanical methods
