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Pharmacology and the study of drugs > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Drug

A

any chemical that alters an organisms functions or processes

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2
Q

Define pharmacoology

A

the study of drugs (origin, properties, and interacting)

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3
Q

Define Pharmacy

A

preparation and dispensing of drugs

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4
Q

Define therapeutics

A

art of treating disease with drugs

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5
Q

Define toxicology

A

study of toxic substances an their pharmacological actions, including antidotes and poison control

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6
Q

Define pharmacognosy

A

identification of sources of drugs

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7
Q

Today the most common source of drugs is?

A

chemical synthesis but plant, animals, and minerals have often contributed the prototype of the active ingredient

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8
Q

Naturally occurring drugs date back to when?

A

Egyptian papyrus records, to the ancient Chinese and Central American civilizations and is still seen in remote regions of modern America, such as Appalachia.

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9
Q

Animal is a source of drug, name what is under its classification.

A
  • thyroid hormone
  • insulin
  • pancreatic domase
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10
Q

plant is a source of drugs, name what is under its classification.

A
  • khellin (ammi visnaga)
  • Atropine (belladonna alkaloid)
  • Digitalis (fox glove)
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11
Q

Mineral is a source of drugs, name what is in its classification.

A
  • Copper sulfate
  • magnesium sulfate
  • mineral oil
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12
Q

Drug approval in the US is long, costly, and complex. In thee 1980’s it took 13-15 years and 350 million dollars (chemical trials to FDA approval. A more recent study showed?

A

900 million dollar in today’s market (research, development, pre and post clinical trials)

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13
Q

There is how many phases in drug approval?

A

3 phases

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14
Q

Define Mutagenicity

A

mutation in the gene

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15
Q

Define Teratogenicity.

A

Changes in the developing embryo

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16
Q

Define Carcinogenicity

A

increase risk of cancer

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17
Q

What is phase 1?

A

Investigated in small groups of individuals with the disease the drug is intended to treat

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18
Q

What is phase 2?

A

Investigated as a treatment for a small number of individuals with the disease the drug is intended to treat

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19
Q

What is phase 3?

A

investigated in large, multi center studies to establish safety and efficacy

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20
Q

Naming drugs: What is the Chemical name?

A

The name indicating the drug’s chemical structure

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21
Q

Naming drugs: What is the code name?

A

A name assigned by a manufacturer to an experimental chemical that shows potential as a drug
-numerical or alphanumerical

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22
Q

Naming Drugs: what is the generic name (aka nonproprietary)?

A

name assigned by the United States adopted name (USAN) Council when a chemical appears to have therapeutic uses and the manufacturer wishes to market the drug
-name i base loosely on the chemical structure of the drug

23
Q

Naming drugs: What is the official name?

A

in the event an experimental drug becomes fully approved for general use, the generic name becomes its official name.

24
Q

Naming drugs: What does the Trade Name (aka proprietary nme) mean?

A

brand name given by a particular manufacturer

25
Q

aa

A

of each

26
Q

bid

A

twice a day

27
Q

c

A

with

28
Q

cc

A

cubic centimeters

29
Q

Elix

A

elixir

30
Q

mL

A

milliliter

31
Q

npo

A

nothing by mouth

32
Q

p

A

after

33
Q

po

A

by mouth

34
Q

prn

A

as needed

35
Q

q

A

every

36
Q

qh

A

every hour

37
Q

qid

A

four times a day

38
Q

qd

A

every day

39
Q

qs

A

much as needed

40
Q

qs

A

much as needed

41
Q

s

A

without

42
Q

stat

A

immediately

43
Q

tid

A

three times a day

44
Q

L

A

liter

45
Q

IV

A

intavenous

46
Q

IM

A

intramuscular

47
Q

Rx

A

take

48
Q

What is a prescription?

A

a written order for a drug, with specific instruction

49
Q

List the part of a prescription

A
  • patients name, address, and written date
  • Rx means “recipe” or “take thou”. Directs the pharmacist to take the drug listed and prepare the medication (superscription)
  • Inscription lists the name and quantity of the drug
  • Directions flor preparation when applicable
  • Sig (signa) “write” directions to the patient
  • Name of prescriber
50
Q

A physician can indicate to the pharmacist that generic substitution is permitted. In this case the pharmacist may provide any manufacturers version of the drug.

A

Generic is lower in cost because the generic manufacturer has not invested the time and money in developing the original drug.

51
Q

Drugs that are available to the general population without a prescription. The strength and amount maybe less than with a prescription. What are the increased risks?

A
  • the effects are not understood

- large quantities

52
Q

A central group of respiratory drugs are given by inhaled aerosol for the direct treatment of the upper and lower airway in pulmonary disease. what are they?

A
  • Adrenergic agents
  • Anticholinergic agents
  • mucoactive agents
  • corticosteroids
  • anti-asthmatic agents
  • antiinfective agents
  • exogenous sufactants

-

53
Q

Aerosolized agents given by inhalation provide local topical treatment of the respiratory tract. What are the following advantages?

A
  • smaller doses
  • fewer side effects
  • rapid onset
  • targeted delivery
  • painless, relatively safe and convenient
54
Q

What are the related drug groups in respiratory care?

A
  • antiinfective agents
  • neuromuscular blocking agents
  • central nervous system agents
  • anti-arrhythmic agents
  • antihypertensive and antianginal agents
  • anticoagulant and thrombolytic agents
  • diuretics agents

Pharmacology and the study of drugs (1 decks)

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