Chapter 1 Flashcards
Where was Lower Canada?
It was part of present day Quebec, down the St.lawrence river
What are loyalists?
Americans who didn’t support the American Revolution. They stayed loyal to Britain.
Who are the Metis?
People of French and Native ancestry
What is monopoly?
Exclusive ownership because of legal privilege
What is a mortgage?
Something to use as security on a loan
Who are land speculators?
People who buy property cheap and then sell it for ridiculously high prices.
What does anglophone mean?
English-speaking
What is a coffin ship?
A death ship where many immigrant died down in steerage on the way to Canada. The dead bodies were thrown overboard.
What is a tenant farmer?
A farmer who works someone else’s land
What is the steerage of a ship?
Below deck where cargo is usually stored
What is Gaelic?
The language of the the Celtic highlanders of Scotland
Who are the celtics?
The early Indo-Europeans of the British isles
What are spinsters?
Unmarried women
What does it mean to veto?
To stop something with authority
What is the seigneurial system?
The old system of New France where seigneurs/lords were granted parcels of land by France
Why did even the higher class have a hard time when moving to Canada?
There wasn’t the same amount of poor people desperate for work like in Europe, so even the very Hugh class citizens found that they were still doing hard labour to prepare and maintain a farm.
Did the different classes live separate from each other in Canada?
No, neighbours would help each other no matter the class. They needed their neighbours and socialized with them no matter the background
Did the Immigrants from Britain see themselves as Canadians?
No, they saw them selves as British people selling in a new land.
What kind of problems did the new immigrants have with their land once they got there?
That the good land was already taken up by land speculators and that the advertisements back in Europe were not true. The people couldn’t get cheap good farmland, with easy access to markets/towns. There were bad roads and restrictions on the land.
What were some of jobs people who immigrated to Canada had?
Farmers, black smithing, industries, wagon making etc.
How did the land speculators make life harder for the new immigrants?
The land speculators would buy up all the good cheap land and then sell it for high prices that the immigrants couldn’t afford making it harder to get good land.
What were clergy and crown reserves?
Blocks of land that were set aside to provide income (through sale and rent) for the government and church.
Why were people unhappy with the crown and clergy reserves?
Because the land mostly lay idle, was not cleared and blocked a lot of road development, people had to go all the way around these blocks of land if they wanted to go anywhere.
What kinds of problems did the people coming over to Canada have?
They spent all their money to get on the ship so they were broke, they would never see their family or friends against, the journey was long and dangerous, most didn’t survive the journey,
What disease did the immigrants on the coffin ships get?
Cholera and other deadly plagues.
What was it about the coffin ships that made them unsafe for passengers?
People would stay int he steerage were cargo is supposed to go. There were no bathrooms and that meant very poor hygiene. This caused the bacterial diseases.
What was the ethnic makeup of Canada in 1871?
- 1% French
- 3% Irish
- 3% English
- 8% Scottish
- 5% Other
What two cultures were ignored in Canadian history?
The Irish and the black.
Were their slaves in New France and in upper and lower Canada?
Yep
When was slavery abolished in the British empire?
In 1833
Why did black slaves escape the United States and come to Canada?
To escape slavery. In Canada they were free. And it was far enough up north that they could escape bounty hunters. They also felt they would be less racially segregated. They could work and could be educated
What was the Underground Railroad?
A network of secret trails and pathways that the black American used to escape to Canada
What were the dangers of the black slaves escaping America in the Underground Railroad?
They could be discovered and brought back, could be trapped in hiding place without food and water, could die travelling in unfamiliar terrain such as rivers, cliffs, swamps, steep trails etc, could be tracked and attacked.
Who was Josiah Henson?
Traveled to Canada in the Underground Railroad with his family and became a black teacher and church minister.
Who was Mary Anne Shadd?
The first for the black Canadian newspaper “provincial freeman” after escaping slavery. She was also the first women editor of a Canadian newspaper, founded a school and was passionate about women’s rights.
Who was Mary O’Brien?
A pioneer woman who would visit the high government officials at their homes. She wrote about her husband activities as well as writhing about spousal and child abuse.
