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Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where was Lower Canada?

A

It was part of present day Quebec, down the St.lawrence river

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2
Q

What are loyalists?

A

Americans who didn’t support the American Revolution. They stayed loyal to Britain.

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3
Q

Who are the Metis?

A

People of French and Native ancestry

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4
Q

What is monopoly?

A

Exclusive ownership because of legal privilege

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5
Q

What is a mortgage?

A

Something to use as security on a loan

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6
Q

Who are land speculators?

A

People who buy property cheap and then sell it for ridiculously high prices.

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7
Q

What does anglophone mean?

A

English-speaking

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8
Q

What is a coffin ship?

A

A death ship where many immigrant died down in steerage on the way to Canada. The dead bodies were thrown overboard.

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9
Q

What is a tenant farmer?

A

A farmer who works someone else’s land

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10
Q

What is the steerage of a ship?

A

Below deck where cargo is usually stored

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11
Q

What is Gaelic?

A

The language of the the Celtic highlanders of Scotland

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12
Q

Who are the celtics?

A

The early Indo-Europeans of the British isles

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13
Q

What are spinsters?

A

Unmarried women

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14
Q

What does it mean to veto?

A

To stop something with authority

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15
Q

What is the seigneurial system?

A

The old system of New France where seigneurs/lords were granted parcels of land by France

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16
Q

Why did even the higher class have a hard time when moving to Canada?

A

There wasn’t the same amount of poor people desperate for work like in Europe, so even the very Hugh class citizens found that they were still doing hard labour to prepare and maintain a farm.

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17
Q

Did the different classes live separate from each other in Canada?

A

No, neighbours would help each other no matter the class. They needed their neighbours and socialized with them no matter the background

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18
Q

Did the Immigrants from Britain see themselves as Canadians?

A

No, they saw them selves as British people selling in a new land.

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19
Q

What kind of problems did the new immigrants have with their land once they got there?

A

That the good land was already taken up by land speculators and that the advertisements back in Europe were not true. The people couldn’t get cheap good farmland, with easy access to markets/towns. There were bad roads and restrictions on the land.

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20
Q

What were some of jobs people who immigrated to Canada had?

A

Farmers, black smithing, industries, wagon making etc.

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21
Q

How did the land speculators make life harder for the new immigrants?

A

The land speculators would buy up all the good cheap land and then sell it for high prices that the immigrants couldn’t afford making it harder to get good land.

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22
Q

What were clergy and crown reserves?

A

Blocks of land that were set aside to provide income (through sale and rent) for the government and church.

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23
Q

Why were people unhappy with the crown and clergy reserves?

A

Because the land mostly lay idle, was not cleared and blocked a lot of road development, people had to go all the way around these blocks of land if they wanted to go anywhere.

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24
Q

What kinds of problems did the people coming over to Canada have?

A

They spent all their money to get on the ship so they were broke, they would never see their family or friends against, the journey was long and dangerous, most didn’t survive the journey,

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25
What disease did the immigrants on the coffin ships get?
Cholera and other deadly plagues.
26
What was it about the coffin ships that made them unsafe for passengers?
People would stay int he steerage were cargo is supposed to go. There were no bathrooms and that meant very poor hygiene. This caused the bacterial diseases.
27
What was the ethnic makeup of Canada in 1871?
31. 1% French 24. 3% Irish 20. 3% English 15. 8% Scottish 8. 5% Other
28
What two cultures were ignored in Canadian history?
The Irish and the black.
29
Were their slaves in New France and in upper and lower Canada?
Yep
30
When was slavery abolished in the British empire?
In 1833
31
Why did black slaves escape the United States and come to Canada?
To escape slavery. In Canada they were free. And it was far enough up north that they could escape bounty hunters. They also felt they would be less racially segregated. They could work and could be educated
32
What was the Underground Railroad?
A network of secret trails and pathways that the black American used to escape to Canada
33
What were the dangers of the black slaves escaping America in the Underground Railroad?
They could be discovered and brought back, could be trapped in hiding place without food and water, could die travelling in unfamiliar terrain such as rivers, cliffs, swamps, steep trails etc, could be tracked and attacked.
34
Who was Josiah Henson?
Traveled to Canada in the Underground Railroad with his family and became a black teacher and church minister.
35
Who was Mary Anne Shadd?
The first for the black Canadian newspaper "provincial freeman" after escaping slavery. She was also the first women editor of a Canadian newspaper, founded a school and was passionate about women's rights.
36
Who was Mary O'Brien?
A pioneer woman who would visit the high government officials at their homes. She wrote about her husband activities as well as writhing about spousal and child abuse.
37
Who was Robert Gourlay?
A Scottish land agent who would survey the farmers in upper Canada about the land. He found out about how unhappy they were, made a petition for change. He got arrested and kicked out of Canada.
38
What was the role of women in upper Canada?
They were to find husbands, have children and do all the domestic work (cooking,cleaning) as well as help clear the land.
39
Where was Upper Canada?
It was part of present day Ontario, up the St. Lawrence river.
40
What is a colonial government?
When power is placed in the hands of a small group of rich and influential men (no women)
41
What is another name for a colonial government?
An oligarchy
42
Who was William Lyon Mackenzie?
The leader of the reform movement in Upper Canada
42
What was the name of Mackenzie's newspaper?
The colonial advocate
42
What were the main causes of the rebellion in lower Canada?
The French believed they were being discriminated against and being pushed out by the English, there was unequal taxation going on and there was lack of power in the government.
42
Who was Louis-Joseph Papineau?
Was the leader of the radical reformers in lower Canada, he was practically the leader of the rebellion in lower Canada.
42
What were some of the hardships new immigrants faced when they got to Canada?
Insufficient supplies, dilapidated homes, harsh climate, debt, hard and dangerous work, no places to farm, etc.
42
How long did it usually take the new Canadian immigrants to clear 25 hectares of land?
About 20years
43
How were the people in the family compact and chateau clique appointed? How was it unfair?
The governor would appoint them, the people had no say.
44
What was Lord Durham's hypothesis for how to fix the government problems in British North America?
He believed that the Canada's needed a new government (democracy) that joined upper and lower Canada together
44
How did Lord Durham collect and gather information for his report on the situation in Canada?
He talked to captured rebels, brought in colonial experts, got ideas from people, talked to the chateau clique, family compact and even the United States.
44
Who was the first person Lord Durham showed his report to?
His wife
45
What was Lord Durham's conclusion for the situation in the Canada's?
They needed a democracy, the elected government would have power over taxes etc, but Britain would stay in control of military and foreign affairs. The executive and legislative government would change and upper and lower Canada would join together.
46
What did Lord Durham suggest should change about the legislative council? Executive council?
He suggested that the legislative council should no longer be allowed to make laws and that the executive council should now be elected from the house of assembly.
47
What is the definition for aristocracy?
A government where the best/richest people rule.
48
Who was Robert Baldwin?
Alexander of the moderate reformers in upper Canada
49
Who was Sir Francis Bond Head?
The lieutenant-governor of upper Canada in 1837
50
What group of people governed lower Canada?
The chateau clique
51
What was the chateau clique?
A government of English bankers and Brewers.
52
What happened at St. Denis?
There were multiple fights between the government troops and the patriots. The government troops won most battles.
53
What church did most of the people in the family compact belong to?
The Church of England
54
What was the punishment for the rebels that participated and failed in rebelling against the government?
They were exiled to Bermuda on convict ships.
55
Who was the leader of the reform party in Nova Scotia (maritimes)?
Joseph Howe
56
Who created a report on the various problems and solutions for the various rebellions in the Canada's?
Lord Durham
57
Who owned a tavern north of Toronto where rebels gathered before the rebellions?
Montgomery
58
Who was the leader of the reform movement in lower Canada and later fled to the United States?
Louis-Joseph Papineau
59
What is the name for a person who attempts to overthrown an established government?
A rebel
60
Who was Egerton Ryerson?
A moderate reformer, Methodist clergyman, editor and educator in upper Canada
61
Who was John Strachan?
A powerful me ever of the family compact, as well a prominent Church of England bishop
62
Who was lord Russell?
The person who was in charge of the colonial office in Britain who wrote "lord Russell's ten resolutions" which denied the rights of assembly.
63
What is an example of a project the reformers were mad about because money was going towards it?
The welland canal
64
What were some of the main reasons for the rebellion of upper Canada?
They people wanted a democracy like America (a change of government) and felt annoyed about lord Russell's ten resolutions, as well as Sir Francis Bond Head being appointed as their governor
65
Who was Lord Durham?
an aristocrat/reformer politician who was send to Canada as a governor in chief. He wrote a report on the problems and possible solutions for the rebellion and government issues in the Canada's
66
What is so special about his report?
It became the basis for our current government system.
67
Who were the colonial experts that Lord Durham appointed to help him during his time in Canada?
Charles Buller, Thomas Turton, Gibbon Wakefield
68
How much support did Lord Durham have in the Canada's?
Little support
69
What are forebears?
One's ancestors
70
What is a landmark?
A feature of the landscape that identifies locality
71
What is harrowing?
Breaking up and smoothing the soil
72
What does it mean to underbrush?
Cut down underbrush and put it in piles
73
What is a name for an economy that uses money?
A money economy
74
What is a saddler?
A person who makes and sells horse equipment.
75
What is a barter economy?
An economy that works by trading products and services
76
What is a harness maker?
A person who makes harnesses for farm animals
77
What is a flail?
A wooden instrument used to remove wheat kernels from stalks
78
What is a currier?
A person who cures and treats leather
79
What is a notch?
A mark made on a tree before cutting it down
80
What are the eastern townships?
The region south of central Quebec. Between Montreal and Quebec City.
81
What is a mentor?
A person who coaches or advises people, often in business.
82
What is a republican government?
A democratic government with no monarch as head of state.
83
What is lye?
Water drained through wood to make soap
84
What is an insurrection?
A revolution against an established government

SOCIAL STUDIES (2 decks)

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