Chapter 1 Flashcards
A drop of water, first to observe living microbes & discovered bacteria through his homemade single-lens microscope….{A.v.Lee}
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Who developed a taxonomic system? A system naming plants & animals and grouping similar organisms together?…{C.L}
Carolus Linnaeus
The only type of microbes not described by Leeuwenhoek are?
Viruses
Is a prokaryotic; meaning they lack a nuclei….their genes are not surrounded by a membrane.
Bacteria & archaea.
Who lacks cell walls and composed of a polysaccharide called peptidoglycan.
Bacteria
The cell walls of BLANK lack peptidoglycan & instead are composed of other chemicals.
Archaea ——>found in extreme environments (oxygen-depleted mud at bottom of swamps) Do not cause diseases.
Who is smaller than eukaryotic cells? They live singly or in pairs, chains, or clusters. Their habitat contains a lot of moisture.
Bacteria & archaea
Contains a nucleus composed of genetic material surrounded by a distinct membrane.
Eukaryotic
Who obtains their food from other organisms? They have cell walls & are eukaryotic.
Fungi
God father of micro? Conducted experiment to prove maggots & flies did not arise spontaneously….{R}
Redi
Multicellular that grow long filaments. Reproduce sexual & asexual spores. They can produces new individual without fusing with one another.
Molds
Unicellular & oval to round. They produces asexually by budding. Sometimes produce sexual spores.
Yeast
Single-celled eukaryotes. Live freely in water, but some live inside animal hosts where they can cause disease.
Protozoa
Unicellular & multicellular. Make their own food from carbon dioxide & water using energy from sunlight.
Algae
Could not been seen until electron microscope was invented. They are acellular (not composed of cells)
Viruses
Advocate of (S.G) boiled seed infusions & mutton gravy flasks which were then sealed. Saw microorganisms some days later in the infusions. It was obvious it got contaminated with microbes from the air…..{Née}
Needham
Who contradicted Needham findings?
Spallanzani’s —–people still believed Needham but later Louis Pasteur finally laid the theory of Spontaneous generation to rest!
Lived by this motto: Work,Will,Success, fill human existence. Repeated the Needham/Spallanzani’s experiment. Sealed flask, bent their neaks into S-shape which allowed air to enter while preventing dust/microbes.
Pasteur
Cloudiness indicates what?
Presence of living organisms.
Observations, a question, hypothesis(potential answer to the question), design/conduct a experiment to test hypothesis, results of experiment leads to accept,rejects or modifies the hypothesis. Then theory or law.
Scientific method
Organisms that can live with or without oxygen is called? Who discovered this?…{Pa}
Facultative anaerobes…….Pasteur, conducted serious of observations & experiments that answered “What causes fermentation?” (Grape juice & yeast)
Because of this person in which microbes are intentionally used to manufacture products. Today pasteurization is used routinely on milk to eliminate pathogens that cause diseases. Eliminates pathogens in juices & beverages….. {Pa}
Pasteur
Who explained the chemical explanation by showing that fermentation DOES NOT require living cells? Demonstrated the presence of enzymes, which are cell-produced proteins that promote chemical reactions….{Ed.B}
Edward Buchner
Who modified the scientific method and proved that a given pathogen caused a specific disease? …{RK}
Robert Koch
Who studied “anthrax” ? And then began to study bacterial colonies on solid surfaces. Use to smear specimens onto a slice of potato or a gelatin medium. Now we use a gel called “agar” instead of gelatin or potato…{RK}
Robert Koch
Solid medium called “gelatin” its a protein which prevents spillage it’s makes it solid….{R.K}
Robert Koch
Discovered anthrax? the cause of TB was a rod-shape bacterium, mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Robert Koch
Who passed air through “Sulfuric acid” & “Sodium hydroxide?”…{Fr.S}
Franz Shultze
Who filtered air? HINT two scientist:)
Heinrich Schroder & Theodor Von Dusch
Who discovered the Spontaneously generation theory? {P&Ty}
Pasteur & Tyndall
What is a polysaccharide? A solid medium?
Agar
Who discovered that enzymes were responsible for fermentation? His work led him in field of biochemistry & study of metabolism.
Edward Buchner
Anthrax due to “Bacillus anthracis”
Robert Koch
What is the purposes for boiling?
Kills bacteria
What causes diseases? caused by germs?
G. Fracastoro
Anthrax bacillus
Joseph Davaine
Anthrax due to “Bacillus anthracis”?
Robert Koch
Discovered, “ Smallpox vaccine “
Jenner
Who discovered “Cholera?” A disease of small intestine that results in watery diarrhea. Its spread by contaminated water suppy. His study was infection control and Epidemiology—>study of occurrence, distribution & spread of disease in humans.
John snow
Founder of modern nursing. Who discovered a technique in nursing practice to prevent spread of infections in hospitals?
Florence Nightingale
Who discovered a drug called “Salvarsan” for syphilis? And is called FATHER of chemotherapy….{P.Eh}
Paul Ehrlich
Who said that contaminated hands were responsible for the spread of “puerperal fever?”
Holmes
Who discovered “Chlorine solutions?” Required medical students to wash their hands with chlorinated lime water, a substance a long used to illuminate the smell of cadavers….{Semme}
Semmelweis
Who discovered “Carbolic acid?” (Phenol) to prevent surgical infections. And founder of antiseptic surgery.
Joseph Lister
Who discovered spontaneous generation? Introduced pasteurization method? Contributed to the establishment of germ theory of diseases. Develop vaccines against chicken Cholera anthrax and rabies….{L.pa}
Louis Pasteur
Discovered the causative agent of Pebrine disease of silkworm. Provided that fermentation was caused by the activities of microorganisms. Divided Microorganisms into aerobes & anaerobes…{L.Pa}
Louis Pasteur
A Microorganism that grows in the presence of air or requires oxygen for growth.
Aerobes
An organism that grows without air, or requires oxygen-free conditions to live.
Anaerobes
Discovered the causative agents of anthrax, TB and Cholera. Discovered tuberculin. Introduced streak-plate and pour-plate method. Introduced heat-fixing and hanging-drop methods. Introduced solid medium. Established Koch’s postulates….{RK}
Robert Koch
- ) A specific Microorganism is associated with a given disease. 2.) The microorganism can be isolated in pure culture.
- ) When the microorganism is put into a healthy animal, it will cause the same disease. 4.) The microorganism can be re-isolated in pure culture But it has to be identical to the original one isolated from the sick or dead animal.
Koch’s Postulates
Who showed that protozoan is the cause of malaria?…{C.L}
Charles Laveran
Who introduced enrichment culture? Discovered bacteria capable of converting nitrogen gas from the air into nitrate, the form of nitrogen used by plants…..{B}
Beijerinck
Who discovered the tick? Texas cattle fever caused by Protozoan….{TS}
Theobald Smith
Who discovered the Vaccine of yellow fever?
Max Theiler
Proved in 1900 that viruses can cause diseases as yellow fever in humans. His workers died of yellow fever. yellow fever attacks liver. It was spread by a mosquito…{W.Reed}
Walter Reed
Who discovered Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) ?
Dmitri Ivanowski
Who developed a very important staining technique? It’s a series of dyes, leaves Microbes purple and others pink. This is a procedure that separates bacteria into large groups.
Christian Gram
What is still the most widely used staining technique?
Gram stain
Remember that life comes from life and that microorganism can cause diseases.
Pasteur & Koch proved this.
Became the founder of antiseptic surgery and open new fields of research into antisepsis and disinfection. The man who vindicated Semmelweis. He proposed before surgery you need to disinfect first before you cut open a person…{J.L}
Joseph Lister
Father of chemotherapy…{P.E}
Paul Ehrlich
Injected a boy with pus collected from a milkmaid cowpox lesion, The boys developed cowpox which, of course, he survived. Then Injected the boy with smallpox plus he found that the boy had become immune to the smallpox….{E.J}
Edward Jenner
Invented vaccination. Developed smallpox immunization & established a safe treatment for preventing smallpox…{E.J}
Edward Jenner
The Golden age of microbiology was a time when researchers proved that living things come from living things, that micro- organisms can cause fermentation and disease, and that certain procedures and chemicals can limit, prevent and cure infectious diseases.
The Golden Age of Microbology.
BLANK is the study of metabolism? —>is the chemical reactions that occur in living organisms.
Biochemistry
Who determined that genes are contained in molecules of DNA? “3people” —> O-C-M
Oswald, Colin & Maclyn.
Who discovers penicillin?…{Al.Fl}
Alexander Fleming
Who introduced sulfur drugs?…{G.D}
Gerhard Domagk
electron microscope…{Ru & B}
Ruska & Borries
Is a process of genetic transfer in which the DNA that is floating in environment.
Transformation
White blood cells they eat microorganisms.
Phagocytosis ……by Ellie Metchnikoff
Combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics to explain cell function at the molecular level.
Molecular biology
A process that involves inserting a missing gene or repairing a defective one in human cells.
Gene therapy
Who developed laboratory techniques for isolating and growing environmentally important microbes?
Beijerinck & Winogradsky
They pose a threat to human health? We examine their characteristics and the disease they cause, we take steps to limit their abundance and control their spread in the environment, Such as sewage treatment, water purification, disinfection pasteurization, and sterilization.
Pathogenic microbes
How does the body defend against diseases?
The body can protect itself from repeated diseases by the same organism.
The study of blood serum.
Serology —> Chemicals in the liquid portion of the blood that fight disease.
The study of the body’s defense against specific pathogen.
Immunology
First photomicrograph of bacteria.
Robert Koch
Germ theory of disease…{L.P}
Louis Pasteur
Germs cause disease….P-K-F
Pasteur, Koch & Fracastoro
Sought a “magic bullet” to destroy pathogens
Paul Enrlich
Early epidemiologist….demonstrated that cholera was transmitted through contaminated water supply…{J.Sn}
John snow
Who is the father of microbiology?
Louis Pasteur
Classification system
Linnaeus
He is the Discoverer of bacteria & Protozoa.
Leeuwenhoek
A concept that believes that living things come from pre-existing cells.
Biogenesis
A concept that believes life originated from non-living matter spontaneously.
Spontaneous generation
Cloned the first DNA using plasmids…..H-S
Herb & Stanley
Developed the first recombinant DNA in a test tube….Pb
Paul Berg
Discovered the first virus (tobacco mosaic virus) TMV….{DI}
Dmitri Ivanovski
Discovered bacteriophages….{F.T - F.D}
F.Twort & F.D’Herelle
Discovered the causative agent of tuberculosis…R.K
Robert Koch
Demonstrated that sealed flasks containing infusions heated for one hour showed no bacterial growth….{ALS}
Abbé Lazzaro Spallanzani
Introduced technique to produce monoclonal antibodies….{C.M, G.K, N.J}
Cesar M. , G. Kohler & Niels Jerne
Discovered the cause of slow virus diseases….{C.G}
Carleton Gajdusek
Invented compound microscope…{H & Z}
Hans Janssen & Zacharias
The father of germ theory of Fermentation & Putrefaction…{TS}
Theodor Schwann
Proposed that infectious diseases were caused by germs…{G.F}
Girolamo Fracastoro
Who discovered microorganisms?…{A.v.Lee}
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Proved that disinfection of obstetricians’ hands with chlorine solutions could prevent the spread of puerperal fever(child fever)..{I.P.S}
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
They proved that DNA was responsible for transformation…{A, M, M}
Avery, MacLeod & McCarty
Discovered the molecular structure of DNA….{Wi, Cr, Fr, Wi}
Watson, Crick, Franklin, Wilkins.
Discovered transformation….{F.G}
Frederick Griffith
What microscope do u use Fluorescent antibody technique 4/diagnosis?
Fluorescence….UV
Microscope goes straight inside specimen….
Transmission Electron
