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Microbiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A drop of water, first to observe living microbes & discovered bacteria through his homemade single-lens microscope….{A.v.Lee}

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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2
Q

Who developed a taxonomic system? A system naming plants & animals and grouping similar organisms together?…{C.L}

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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3
Q

The only type of microbes not described by Leeuwenhoek are?

A

Viruses

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4
Q

Is a prokaryotic; meaning they lack a nuclei….their genes are not surrounded by a membrane.

A

Bacteria & archaea.

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5
Q

Who lacks cell walls and composed of a polysaccharide called peptidoglycan.

A

Bacteria

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6
Q

The cell walls of BLANK lack peptidoglycan & instead are composed of other chemicals.

A

Archaea ——>found in extreme environments (oxygen-depleted mud at bottom of swamps) Do not cause diseases.

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7
Q

Who is smaller than eukaryotic cells? They live singly or in pairs, chains, or clusters. Their habitat contains a lot of moisture.

A

Bacteria & archaea

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8
Q

Contains a nucleus composed of genetic material surrounded by a distinct membrane.

A

Eukaryotic

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9
Q

Who obtains their food from other organisms? They have cell walls & are eukaryotic.

A

Fungi

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10
Q

God father of micro? Conducted experiment to prove maggots & flies did not arise spontaneously….{R}

A

Redi

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11
Q

Multicellular that grow long filaments. Reproduce sexual & asexual spores. They can produces new individual without fusing with one another.

A

Molds

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12
Q

Unicellular & oval to round. They produces asexually by budding. Sometimes produce sexual spores.

A

Yeast

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13
Q

Single-celled eukaryotes. Live freely in water, but some live inside animal hosts where they can cause disease.

A

Protozoa

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14
Q

Unicellular & multicellular. Make their own food from carbon dioxide & water using energy from sunlight.

A

Algae

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15
Q

Could not been seen until electron microscope was invented. They are acellular (not composed of cells)

A

Viruses

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16
Q

Advocate of (S.G) boiled seed infusions & mutton gravy flasks which were then sealed. Saw microorganisms some days later in the infusions. It was obvious it got contaminated with microbes from the air…..{Née}

A

Needham

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17
Q

Who contradicted Needham findings?

A

Spallanzani’s —–people still believed Needham but later Louis Pasteur finally laid the theory of Spontaneous generation to rest!

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18
Q

Lived by this motto: Work,Will,Success, fill human existence. Repeated the Needham/Spallanzani’s experiment. Sealed flask, bent their neaks into S-shape which allowed air to enter while preventing dust/microbes.

A

Pasteur

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19
Q

Cloudiness indicates what?

A

Presence of living organisms.

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20
Q

Observations, a question, hypothesis(potential answer to the question), design/conduct a experiment to test hypothesis, results of experiment leads to accept,rejects or modifies the hypothesis. Then theory or law.

A

Scientific method

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21
Q

Organisms that can live with or without oxygen is called? Who discovered this?…{Pa}

A

Facultative anaerobes…….Pasteur, conducted serious of observations & experiments that answered “What causes fermentation?” (Grape juice & yeast)

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22
Q

Because of this person in which microbes are intentionally used to manufacture products. Today pasteurization is used routinely on milk to eliminate pathogens that cause diseases. Eliminates pathogens in juices & beverages….. {Pa}

A

Pasteur

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23
Q

Who explained the chemical explanation by showing that fermentation DOES NOT require living cells? Demonstrated the presence of enzymes, which are cell-produced proteins that promote chemical reactions….{Ed.B}

A

Edward Buchner

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24
Q

Who modified the scientific method and proved that a given pathogen caused a specific disease? …{RK}

A

Robert Koch

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25
Q

Who studied “anthrax” ? And then began to study bacterial colonies on solid surfaces. Use to smear specimens onto a slice of potato or a gelatin medium. Now we use a gel called “agar” instead of gelatin or potato…{RK}

A

Robert Koch

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26
Q

Solid medium called “gelatin” its a protein which prevents spillage it’s makes it solid….{R.K}

A

Robert Koch

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27
Q

Discovered anthrax? the cause of TB was a rod-shape bacterium, mycobacterium tuberculosis.

A

Robert Koch

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28
Q

Who passed air through “Sulfuric acid” & “Sodium hydroxide?”…{Fr.S}

A

Franz Shultze

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29
Q

Who filtered air? HINT two scientist:)

A

Heinrich Schroder & Theodor Von Dusch

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30
Q

Who discovered the Spontaneously generation theory? {P&Ty}

A

Pasteur & Tyndall

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31
Q

What is a polysaccharide? A solid medium?

A

Agar

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32
Q

Who discovered that enzymes were responsible for fermentation? His work led him in field of biochemistry & study of metabolism.

A

Edward Buchner

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33
Q

Anthrax due to “Bacillus anthracis”

A

Robert Koch

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34
Q

What is the purposes for boiling?

A

Kills bacteria

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35
Q

What causes diseases? caused by germs?

A

G. Fracastoro

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36
Q

Anthrax bacillus

A

Joseph Davaine

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37
Q

Anthrax due to “Bacillus anthracis”?

A

Robert Koch

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38
Q

Discovered, “ Smallpox vaccine “

A

Jenner

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39
Q

Who discovered “Cholera?” A disease of small intestine that results in watery diarrhea. Its spread by contaminated water suppy. His study was infection control and Epidemiology—>study of occurrence, distribution & spread of disease in humans.

A

John snow

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40
Q

Founder of modern nursing. Who discovered a technique in nursing practice to prevent spread of infections in hospitals?

A

Florence Nightingale

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41
Q

Who discovered a drug called “Salvarsan” for syphilis? And is called FATHER of chemotherapy….{P.Eh}

A

Paul Ehrlich

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42
Q

Who said that contaminated hands were responsible for the spread of “puerperal fever?”

A

Holmes

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43
Q

Who discovered “Chlorine solutions?” Required medical students to wash their hands with chlorinated lime water, a substance a long used to illuminate the smell of cadavers….{Semme}

A

Semmelweis

44
Q

Who discovered “Carbolic acid?” (Phenol) to prevent surgical infections. And founder of antiseptic surgery.

A

Joseph Lister

45
Q

Who discovered spontaneous generation? Introduced pasteurization method? Contributed to the establishment of germ theory of diseases. Develop vaccines against chicken Cholera anthrax and rabies….{L.pa}

A

Louis Pasteur

46
Q

Discovered the causative agent of Pebrine disease of silkworm. Provided that fermentation was caused by the activities of microorganisms. Divided Microorganisms into aerobes & anaerobes…{L.Pa}

A

Louis Pasteur

47
Q

A Microorganism that grows in the presence of air or requires oxygen for growth.

A

Aerobes

48
Q

An organism that grows without air, or requires oxygen-free conditions to live.

A

Anaerobes

49
Q

Discovered the causative agents of anthrax, TB and Cholera. Discovered tuberculin. Introduced streak-plate and pour-plate method. Introduced heat-fixing and hanging-drop methods. Introduced solid medium. Established Koch’s postulates….{RK}

A

Robert Koch

50
Q
  1. ) A specific Microorganism is associated with a given disease. 2.) The microorganism can be isolated in pure culture.
  2. ) When the microorganism is put into a healthy animal, it will cause the same disease. 4.) The microorganism can be re-isolated in pure culture But it has to be identical to the original one isolated from the sick or dead animal.
A

Koch’s Postulates

51
Q

Who showed that protozoan is the cause of malaria?…{C.L}

A

Charles Laveran

52
Q

Who introduced enrichment culture? Discovered bacteria capable of converting nitrogen gas from the air into nitrate, the form of nitrogen used by plants…..{B}

A

Beijerinck

53
Q

Who discovered the tick? Texas cattle fever caused by Protozoan….{TS}

A

Theobald Smith

54
Q

Who discovered the Vaccine of yellow fever?

A

Max Theiler

55
Q

Proved in 1900 that viruses can cause diseases as yellow fever in humans. His workers died of yellow fever. yellow fever attacks liver. It was spread by a mosquito…{W.Reed}

A

Walter Reed

56
Q

Who discovered Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) ?

A

Dmitri Ivanowski

57
Q

Who developed a very important staining technique? It’s a series of dyes, leaves Microbes purple and others pink. This is a procedure that separates bacteria into large groups.

A

Christian Gram

58
Q

What is still the most widely used staining technique?

A

Gram stain

59
Q

Remember that life comes from life and that microorganism can cause diseases.

A

Pasteur & Koch proved this.

60
Q

Became the founder of antiseptic surgery and open new fields of research into antisepsis and disinfection. The man who vindicated Semmelweis. He proposed before surgery you need to disinfect first before you cut open a person…{J.L}

A

Joseph Lister

61
Q

Father of chemotherapy…{P.E}

A

Paul Ehrlich

62
Q

Injected a boy with pus collected from a milkmaid cowpox lesion, The boys developed cowpox which, of course, he survived. Then Injected the boy with smallpox plus he found that the boy had become immune to the smallpox….{E.J}

A

Edward Jenner

63
Q

Invented vaccination. Developed smallpox immunization & established a safe treatment for preventing smallpox…{E.J}

A

Edward Jenner

64
Q

The Golden age of microbiology was a time when researchers proved that living things come from living things, that micro- organisms can cause fermentation and disease, and that certain procedures and chemicals can limit, prevent and cure infectious diseases.

A

The Golden Age of Microbology.

65
Q

BLANK is the study of metabolism? —>is the chemical reactions that occur in living organisms.

A

Biochemistry

66
Q

Who determined that genes are contained in molecules of DNA? “3people” —> O-C-M

A

Oswald, Colin & Maclyn.

67
Q

Who discovers penicillin?…{Al.Fl}

A

Alexander Fleming

68
Q

Who introduced sulfur drugs?…{G.D}

A

Gerhard Domagk

69
Q

electron microscope…{Ru & B}

A

Ruska & Borries

70
Q

Is a process of genetic transfer in which the DNA that is floating in environment.

A

Transformation

71
Q

White blood cells they eat microorganisms.

A

Phagocytosis ……by Ellie Metchnikoff

72
Q

Combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics to explain cell function at the molecular level.

A

Molecular biology

73
Q

A process that involves inserting a missing gene or repairing a defective one in human cells.

A

Gene therapy

74
Q

Who developed laboratory techniques for isolating and growing environmentally important microbes?

A

Beijerinck & Winogradsky

75
Q

They pose a threat to human health? We examine their characteristics and the disease they cause, we take steps to limit their abundance and control their spread in the environment, Such as sewage treatment, water purification, disinfection pasteurization, and sterilization.

A

Pathogenic microbes

76
Q

How does the body defend against diseases?

A

The body can protect itself from repeated diseases by the same organism.

77
Q

The study of blood serum.

A

Serology —> Chemicals in the liquid portion of the blood that fight disease.

78
Q

The study of the body’s defense against specific pathogen.

A

Immunology

79
Q

First photomicrograph of bacteria.

A

Robert Koch

80
Q

Germ theory of disease…{L.P}

A

Louis Pasteur

81
Q

Germs cause disease….P-K-F

A

Pasteur, Koch & Fracastoro

82
Q

Sought a “magic bullet” to destroy pathogens

A

Paul Enrlich

83
Q

Early epidemiologist….demonstrated that cholera was transmitted through contaminated water supply…{J.Sn}

A

John snow

84
Q

Who is the father of microbiology?

A

Louis Pasteur

85
Q

Classification system

A

Linnaeus

86
Q

He is the Discoverer of bacteria & Protozoa.

A

Leeuwenhoek

87
Q

A concept that believes that living things come from pre-existing cells.

A

Biogenesis

88
Q

A concept that believes life originated from non-living matter spontaneously.

A

Spontaneous generation

89
Q

Cloned the first DNA using plasmids…..H-S

A

Herb & Stanley

90
Q

Developed the first recombinant DNA in a test tube….Pb

A

Paul Berg

91
Q

Discovered the first virus (tobacco mosaic virus) TMV….{DI}

A

Dmitri Ivanovski

92
Q

Discovered bacteriophages….{F.T - F.D}

A

F.Twort & F.D’Herelle

93
Q

Discovered the causative agent of tuberculosis…R.K

A

Robert Koch

94
Q

Demonstrated that sealed flasks containing infusions heated for one hour showed no bacterial growth….{ALS}

A

Abbé Lazzaro Spallanzani

95
Q

Introduced technique to produce monoclonal antibodies….{C.M, G.K, N.J}

A

Cesar M. , G. Kohler & Niels Jerne

96
Q

Discovered the cause of slow virus diseases….{C.G}

A

Carleton Gajdusek

97
Q

Invented compound microscope…{H & Z}

A

Hans Janssen & Zacharias

98
Q

The father of germ theory of Fermentation & Putrefaction…{TS}

A

Theodor Schwann

99
Q

Proposed that infectious diseases were caused by germs…{G.F}

A

Girolamo Fracastoro

100
Q

Who discovered microorganisms?…{A.v.Lee}

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

101
Q

Proved that disinfection of obstetricians’ hands with chlorine solutions could prevent the spread of puerperal fever(child fever)..{I.P.S}

A

Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis

102
Q

They proved that DNA was responsible for transformation…{A, M, M}

A

Avery, MacLeod & McCarty

103
Q

Discovered the molecular structure of DNA….{Wi, Cr, Fr, Wi}

A

Watson, Crick, Franklin, Wilkins.

104
Q

Discovered transformation….{F.G}

A

Frederick Griffith

105
Q

What microscope do u use Fluorescent antibody technique 4/diagnosis?

A

Fluorescence….UV

106
Q

Microscope goes straight inside specimen….

A

Transmission Electron

Microbiology (2 decks)

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