Chapter 1

Question 1

Present Simple

Answer 1

Present Simple

In general, the simple present expresses events or situations that exist always, usually, habitually; they exist now, have existed in the past, and probably will exist in the future.

Examples

It snows in Alaska .

Tom watches TV every day.

Question 2

Past Simple

Answer 2

Past Simple

At one particular time in the past, this happened. It began and ended in the past.

Examples

It snowed yesterday.

Tom watched TV last night.

Question 3

Future Simple

Answer 3

Future Simple

At one particular time in the future, this will happen.

Examples

It will snow tomorrow.

It is going to snow tomorrow.

Tom will watch TV tonight.

Tom is going to watch TV tonight.

Question 4

The Progressive Tenses

Answer 4

The Progressive Tenses

The progressive tenses* give the idea that an action is in progress during a particular time. The tenses say that an action begins before, is in progress during, and continues after another time or action.

Form: be + -ing (present participle)

*The progressive tense s are also called the “continuous” ten ses: present continuous, past continuous , and future continuous.

Question 5

Present Progressive

Answer 5

Present Progressive

Example

Tom is sleeping right now.

Meaning

It is now 11:00. Tom went to sleep at 10:00 tonight, and he is still asleep. His sleep began in the past, is in progress at the present time, and probably will continue

Question 6

Past Progressive

Answer 6

Past Progressive

Example

Tom was sleeping when I arrived.

Meaning

Tom went to sleep at 10:00 last night. I arrived at 11:00. He was still asleep. His sleep began before and was in progress at a particular time in the past. It continued after I arrived.

Question 7

Future Progressive

Answer 7

Future Progressive

Example

Tom will be sleeping when we arrive.

Meaning

Tom will go to sleep at 10:00 tomorrow night. We will arrive at 11:00. The action of sleeping will begin before we arrive, and it will be in progress at a particular time in the future. Probably his sleep will continue.

Question 8

The Perfect Tenses

Answer 8

The Perfect Tenses

Form: have + past participle

Meaning: The perfect tenses all give the idea that one thing happens before another time or event.

Question 9

Present Perfect

Answer 9

Present Perfect

Example

Tom has already eaten.

Meaning

Tom finished eating sometime before now.

The exact time is not important.

Question 10

Past Perfect

Answer 10

Past Perfect

Example

Tom had already eaten when his friend arrived.

Meaning

First Tom finished eating. Later his friend arrived. Tom’s eating was completely finished before another time in the past.

Question 11

Future Perfect

Answer 11

Future Perfect

Example

Tom will already have eaten when his friend arrives.

Meaning

First Tom will finish eating. Later his friend will arrive. Tom’s eating will be completely finished before another time in the future.

Question 12

The Perfect Progressive Tenses

Answer 12

The Perfect Progressive Tenses

Form: have + been + -ing (present participle)

Meaning: The perfect progressive tenses give the idea that one event is in progress immediately before, up to, until another time or event. The tenses are used to express the duration of the first event.

Question 13

Present Perfect Progressive

Answer 13

Present Perfect Progressive

Example

Tom has been studying tor two hours.

Meaning

Event in progress: studying.

When? Before now, up to now.

How long? For two hours.

Question 14

Past Perfect Progressive

Answer 14

Past Perfect Progressive

Example

Tom had been studying tor two hours before his friend came.

Meaning

Event in progress: studying.

When? Before another event in the past.

How long? For two hours.

Question 15

Future Perfect Progressive

Answer 15

Future Perfect Progressive

Example

Tom will have been studying tor two hours by the time his friend arrives.

Meaning

Event in progress: studying.

When? Before another event in the future.

How long? For two hours

Question 16

VERBS THAT END

IN A CONSONANT

AND -e

Answer 16

CONSONANT AND -e

• ING FORM: If the word ends in -e, drop the
• e and add -ing.*
• ED FORM: If the word ends in a consonant and -e, just add -d.

Example

hope - hoping - hoped

date - dating - dated

injure - injuring - injured

*Exception: If a verb ends in -ee, the final -e is not dropped: seei11ga, greei11g,freei1

Question 17

VERBS THAT END
IN A VOWEL AND A CONSONANT

ONE-SYLLABLE VERBS

Answer 17

ONE-SYLLABLE VERBS

1 vowel => 2 consonants**

2 vowels => 1 consonant

Example

(a) stop - stopping - stopped

rob - robbing - robbed

(b) rain - raining - rained

fool - fooling - fooled

**Exception: -w and -x are not doubled: plow - plowed; fix - fixed.

Question 18

VERBS THAT END
IN A VOWEL AND A CONSONANT

TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS

Answer 18

TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS

1st syllable stressed => 1 consonant

2nd syllable stressed => 2 consonants

Example

(a) listen - listening - listened

offer - offering - offered

(b) begin - beginning- (began)

prefer - preferring - preferred

Question 19

VERBS THAT END IN TWO CONSONANTS

Answer 19

END IN TWO CONSONANTS

If the word ends in two consonants, just add the ending.

Example

start - starting - started

fold - folding - folded

demand - demanding - demanded

Question 20

VERBS THAT END IN -y

Answer 20

END IN -y

If -y is preceded by a vowel, keep the -y.

If -y is preceded by a consonant:

• ING FORM: keep the -y; add -ing.
• ED FORM: change -y to -i; add -ed.

Example

(a) enjoy - enjoying - enjoyed

pray - praying - prayed

(b) stydy - studying - studied

try trying - tried

reply - replying - replied

Question 21

VERBS THAT END IN -ie

Answer 21

END IN -ie

• ING FORM: Change -ie to -y; add -ing.
• ED FORM: Add -d.

Example

die - dying - died

lie - lying - lied