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Anatomy Exam 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to each other

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2
Q

Physiology

A

– The study of the function of body parts individually and together as systems

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3
Q

5 Topics within Anatomy

A

Gross, microscopic, developmental, pathological, radiographic

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4
Q

3 Topics within gross anatomy

A

regional, systemic, surface

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5
Q

Regional anatomy

A

anatomical organization “head, neck”

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6
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

structure off specific systems “nervous system”

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7
Q

2 Topics within microscopic anatomy

A

cytology and histology

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8
Q

Cytology

A

study of cells

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9
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

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10
Q

1 Topic within developmental anatomy

A

embryology

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11
Q

Embryology

A

“study of first 8 wks of development”

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12
Q

Pathological anatomy

A

structural changes associated with disease (ex, from gross to microscopic)

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13
Q

Radiographic anatomy

A

“visualized with x-rays”

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14
Q

9 Topics within Physiology

A

bone/connective tissue

muscular tissue

neurophysiology

cardiovascular

renal

pulmonary

gastrointestinal

reproductive

other organ and organ systems

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15
Q

Function is upon structure

A

dependent

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16
Q

Structure is _________ to meet the functional requirement

A

tailored

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17
Q

7 Levels of Structural Organization

A

Chemical:

  • Subcellular:
  • Cellular:
  • Tissue:
  • Organ:
  • Organ System:
  • Organismal:
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18
Q

Structural organization (pdf)

A
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19
Q

The 8 necessary functions for survival

A

– Maintain boundaries

– Movement

– Responsiveness

– Digestion

– Metabolism

– Excretion

– Reproduction*

– Growth

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20
Q

• Nutrients: chemicals for _________ production (fuels), cell building, and the proper internal environment (ions and salts)

A

energy

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21
Q

Oxygen: required for efficient __________ production

A

energy, you can make energy anaerobically but oxygen boosts production

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22
Q

Water: provides the correct internal environment for __________ reactions and as a medium for ____________ and ____________

A

Water: provides the correct internal environment for chemical reactions and as a medium for secretions and excretions

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23
Q

Normal body temperature: required for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining _______

A

Normal body temperature: required for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates

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24
Q

Atmospheric pressure: must be in the appropriate range for proper _____ _____________ to occur in the lungs

A

Atmospheric pressure: must be in the appropriate range for proper gas exchange to occur in the lungs

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25
Q

How are oxygen and nutrients distributed to places?

A

by blood

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26
Q

Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the

A

urinary and respiratory systems

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27
Q

Homeostasis: the ability to maintain a relatively constant environment in the face of __________ and __________ changes

A

Homeostasis: the ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment in the face of internal and external changes

28
Q

Internal environment is in a

A

dynamic state of equilibrium

29
Q

Homeostatis is maintained by the combined effects and interaction of

A

internal regulatory systems

30
Q

What are the 3 interdependent homeostatic control mechanisms?

A

receptor, control center, effector

31
Q

(Homeostatic control mechanisms) The is the parameter which is being regulated

A

variable

ex: glucose concentration

32
Q

receptor

A

sensor that monitors things happening / sends information to the control center

33
Q

control center

A

knows that status of what’s being studied

ex: neurons connected to control center / receives info from the receptor

34
Q

effector

A

raises or lowers something (fixes the problem)

ex: make the heart beat harder

35
Q

Homeostatic control mechanisms balance diagram

A
36
Q

Most homeostatic control mechanisms are what?

A

Negative feedback loops

37
Q

negative feedback loops

A

Negative feedback causes the variable to change in the opposite direction

38
Q

What is the goal of negative feedback?

A

to limit the magnitude of the change in the variable

ex: maintenance of normal body temperature

39
Q

Negative feedback loops (diagram)

A
40
Q

There are very few control mechanisms that are what?

A

positive feedback loops

41
Q

Positive feedback activates events that are ______ _______________

A

Positive feedback activates events that are self-perpetuating

42
Q

Most positive feedback loops are not involved in what?

A

homeostasis

43
Q

Examples of positive feedback loops?

A

reguation of blood clotting

uterine contractions during childbirth

44
Q

Positive feedback loop (diagram)

A
45
Q

Disturbance of homeostasis (the body’s normal equilibrium) causes most what?

A

disease

46
Q

Overwhelming of negative feedback mechanisms can cause destructive _______________ feedback mechanisms to take over (i.e., heart failure)

A

Overwhelming of negative feedback mechanisms can cause destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (i.e., heart failure)

47
Q

What is the anatomical position? (reference frame)

A

Human body erect

– Arms at sides

– Palms forward

– Feet together

48
Q

superior/inferior

A

up, toward hear, down, toward feet

49
Q

anterior (ventral) / posterior (dorsal)

A

front, back

50
Q

medial, lateral, and intermediate

A

toward or at the midline of the body

away from the midline of the body

between a medial and lateral position

51
Q

proximal / distal

A

Proximal– closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal– away from the origin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

52
Q

Superficial / deep

A

closer to surface, closer to the core

53
Q

What are the 2 regional anatomical terms?

A

axial, appendicular

54
Q

axial includes what?

A

head, neck, and trunk

55
Q

appendicular includes what?

A

appendages (limbs)

56
Q

Humans vary slightly in both what?

A

internal and external anatomy

57
Q

Why do humans vary slightly in both external and internal anatomy?

A

nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place

small muscles may be missing

58
Q

dorsal cavities diagram

A
59
Q

ventral cavities diagram

A
60
Q

What is the name of the membrane that covers the inner walls of the body cavities and outer surfaces of organs

A

serosa, serous membranes

61
Q

what are the three types of serosa

A

parietal, visceral, serous

62
Q

parietal serosa

A

lines internal body walls

63
Q

visceral serosa

A

covers the internal body walls

64
Q

serous fluid

A

separates the serosae and provides lubrication (reduces friction)

65
Q
A

Anatomy Exam 1 (1 decks)

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