Chapter 1

Question 1

Pliny the Elder

Answer 1

–Asbestos disease in miners

–Use of bladders for protection

Question 2

Agricola

Answer 2

(16th century)
–Mine dust
–Carpathian Mountains
–Mercury
–Cold water in mines
–Dry dust
–Cave ins
–Corrosive Dust
–Recommended ventilation of mines

Question 3

Paracelsus

Answer 3

–‘Father of Toxicology’
–Philipus Theophrastus Aureolus Bombbastus von Hehenheim
–Noted that increase in exposure increases damage
–‘All substances are poisons, there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy.’

Question 4

Father of Toxicology

Answer 4

Paracelsus

Question 5

Bernardino Ramazzini

Answer 5

–‘Father of Industrial Medicine’
–First systematic book on occupational disease

• De Morbis Artificum Diatraba (1760)
• Miners of metals, gilders, healers, chemists, potters, tinsmiths, glass workers, mirror makers, painters, blacksmiths, printers and more
• In many cases, he recognized connection between chemical exposure and disease

Question 6

Father of Industrial Medicine

Answer 6

Bernardino Ramazzini

Question 7

Benjamin McReady

Answer 7

–‘The Effects of Arts, Trades and Professions and Occupations in the United States in the Production of Disease’ (1837)
•Credited with writing the first text on occupational medicine in the United States
•Sociological work, not medical
•Charles Thackrah (England)

Question 8

Alice Hamilton

Answer 8

–“Industrial Poisons in the United States” (1925)
–“Exploring the Hazardous Trades” (1940)
–Systematically evaluated many types of business for occupational hazards.

Question 9

United States Experience in

Occupational Health

Answer 9

• 1911 – 1914: 35,000 workers killed each year
• 1910: 36,000 workers seriously injured
• Pennsylvania, one county: 10 deaths per week
• Most illnesses were not recognized

Question 10

Workers’ Compensation

Answer 10

–Initially not provided, as employers would claim:
•Doctrine of contributory negligence
•Fellow servant rule
•Assumption of risk
–These defenses weakened, and pressure grew for reliable compensation: workers compensation laws enacted in 1910’s

Worker’s compensation varies from state to state
•Compensation can be unreliable and restricted
•Rules for filing a claim include ‘timeliness’. Occupational disease may not be recognized.

Question 11

Hippocrates

Answer 11

– Metallurgists, fullers, tailors, horsemen, farmers
– Mostly miners (dusts and fumes)
– Lead causes ‘colic’